[Gzz-commits] gzz/Documentation/misc/hemppah-progradu mastert...

[Hermanni Hyytiälä]

CVSROOT:        /cvsroot/gzz
Module name:    gzz
Changes by:     Hermanni Hyytiälä <address@hidden>      02/11/26 09:05:29

Modified files:
        Documentation/misc/hemppah-progradu: masterthesis.tex 

Log message:
        introduction, what is p2p and history

CVSWeb URLs:
http://savannah.gnu.org/cgi-bin/viewcvs/gzz/gzz/Documentation/misc/hemppah-progradu/masterthesis.tex.diff?tr1=1.4&tr2=1.5&r1=text&r2=text

Patches:
Index: gzz/Documentation/misc/hemppah-progradu/masterthesis.tex
diff -u gzz/Documentation/misc/hemppah-progradu/masterthesis.tex:1.4 
gzz/Documentation/misc/hemppah-progradu/masterthesis.tex:1.5
--- gzz/Documentation/misc/hemppah-progradu/masterthesis.tex:1.4        Tue Nov 
26 07:05:43 2002
+++ gzz/Documentation/misc/hemppah-progradu/masterthesis.tex    Tue Nov 26 
09:05:28 2002
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
 P2P systems have recently received significant attention in both academia and 
industry for a number 
 of reasons. First, the lack of decentralization means that participants can 
form a P2P system without any 
-investment to high-priced hardware to coordinate it. Moreover, P2P systems 
provides aggreration of enormous 
+investment to high-priced hardware to coordinate it. Moreover, P2P systems 
provides aggregation of enormous 
 resources and way to achieve interoperability. Finally, the distributed nature 
of P2P improves scalability 
 and reliability againts certain kinds of faults, e.g. single point of failure. 
 
@@ -69,9 +69,11 @@
 
 \section{Peer-to-Peer Systems}
 
-This section discusses general aspects of P2P systems. 
+This section discusses briefly general aspects of P2P systems. A more detailed 
general discussion can be found 
+from \cite{milojicic02peertopeer, oram01harnessingpower}. 
 
-\subsection{What are Peer-to-Peer networks ?}
+
+\subsection{What is P2P ?}
 
 Altough the exact definition of "peer-to-peer" is debatable, these systems 
typically lack dedicated, centralized 
 infrastructure, resources and services depends on the voluntary participation 
of peers. Because of that, the 
@@ -79,8 +81,8 @@
 can efficiently cooperate to provide services and resources to the entire 
system. The resources comprise of 
 computing power, data (content and storage), network bandwidth, and presence 
(human resources). Typical P2P 
 systems reside on the edge of the Internet or in ad-hoc networks. As cited in 
\cite{milojicic02peertopeer}, 
-P2P enables valuable externalities, by aggregating resources through low-cost 
interoperability, the whole 
-is made greater than the sum of its parts.
+"P2P enables valuable externalities, by aggregating resources through low-cost 
interoperability, the whole 
+is made greater than the sum of its parts".
 
 Many defitions of P2P have been proposed in P2P community. The Intel P2P 
Working Group \cite{p2pworkinggroup} 
 defines P2P as "the sharing of computer resources and services by direct 
exchange between systems". Ross Lee 
@@ -94,57 +96,49 @@
 app that doesn't run in a web browser...the user's machine is a client and a 
server...networks with other 
 users, creating a community". 
  
-
- 
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 
-
-
-support for music sharing and 
-its law suit with the big music companies over digital rights management a few 
years ago. However, P2P systems 
-are becoming an important technology in many fields, such as distributed file 
sharing and colloboration 
-in ad-hoc networks. 
-
-P2P systems have received the attention 
-Industrial companies, including Intel, Hewlett-Packard, Sony are made 
initiatives to
-P2P industry. The contribution has been P2P Working Group 
\cite{p2pworkinggroup}.
- 
-
-
+Sharing is an essential part of P2P community. Every participant gives to and 
obtains resources from the community. 
+For example, in Gnutella \cite {gnutellaurl} case, sharing is about offering 
data resources to the rest of the community 
+and getting other data in return. On the another hand, P2P is way to aggregate 
tremendous amounts of computer power, 
+storage, and connectivity from the different kind of computers around the 
world. address@hidden \cite{setiurl} is an 
+obvious an example of this approach. Based on definitions of P2P above, each 
participant in P2P system can be referred 
+as equal as others in the community. Therefore, P2P system is one in which 
autonomous participant depend on other 
+autonomous participants. Autonomy of participants, however, means that they 
cannot trust each other and rely 
+completely on the resources which other peers provides. Issues related to 
scalability and profusion become 
+more important than in centralized or traditional distributed systems.
+
+At the end, of course, P2P systems are an alternative to the centralized and 
client-server types of computing, 
+where there is typically a single server (or small cluster) and many clients. 
See figure 1 for high-level difference 
+of P2P versus centralized, client-server approach.
+
+[Figure 1. Insert picture]
+
+However, more detailed comparison of P2P systems and client-server approach is 
significantly more complex 
+along many dimensions: "There is no clear border between a client-server and a 
P2P model. Both models can be 
+built on a spectrum of level of characteristics, functionality, organizations, 
components, protocols etc. Furthermore, 
+one mode can be built on top of the other or parts of the components can be 
realized in one or the other model. Finally, 
+both models can execute on different types of platforms and both can server as 
an underlying base for traditional 
+and new applications. Therefore, it should not be a surprise that there is so 
much confusion about what P2P is 
+and what it is not. It is extremely interwined with existing technologies" 
[Morgan 2002 REFERENCE!!!].
 
 
 
 \subsection{A brief history of Peer-to-Peer Systems}
 
-As mentioned in \cite{oram:harnessingpower} the Internet has been originally 
-established in the late 1960s. The aim of the ARPANET-project was to share 
-computers' resources around the United States. The most challenging purpose 
-of ARPANET was to integrate different kinds of existing network technologies 
-with one common network architecture. The ARPANET connected the first few 
hosts 
-together not in client/server relationship, but rather as equal networking 
peers. 
-This could be seen as starting point both of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems and 
+The Internet has been originally established in the late 1960s 
\cite{oram:harnessingpower}. 
+The aim of the ARPANET-project was to share computers' resources around the 
+United States. The most challenging purpose of ARPANET was to integrate 
different kinds of 
+existing network technologies with one common network architecture. The 
ARPANET connected 
+the first few hosts together not in client/server relationship, but rather as 
+equal networking peers. This could be seen as starting point both of P2P 
systems and 
 Internet [REFERENCE NEEDED!!!].
 
-During the very first years, Internet was far more open that today's Internet. 
Infact 
-first Firewalls were introduced in the late 1980s. Every peer in the early 
Internet 
-was capable to perform routing, accept remote FTP and Telnet connections. This 
kind of 
-networking symmetry is what made Internet so revolutional.
-
-The explosion of the Internet in 1994 radically changed the nature of the 
Internet. 
-This explosion introduced an ordinary people - people who were intressed in 
the Internet 
-as a way to send personal email and view web pages based on personal 
interests. The change 
-of the Internet from the scientific central to mass cultural phenomenon has 
had a huge 
-impact on the network architectures [REFERENCE NEEDED!!!].
-
-Since the middle of the year 2000 growth of user-friendly file-sharing 
networks has
-brought Peer-to-Peer networks and file sharing into the public eye. Until 
recently, 
-computer systems for sharing files and resources between computers has been 
relatively 
-limited.
+While most early distributed applications can be considered P2P, e-mail 
systems and Usenet 
+News were probably the most widely used. In both cases, local server created 
connections to 
+other peer servers to deliver messages into the user's mail box or into a 
spool box 
+containing messages from the newsgroups. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) can 
be considered as a 
+predecessor to today's file-sharing P2P systems. Eventually, Archie indexing 
system, was developed to 
+provide a central search mechanism over existing FTP servers. Napster 
\cite{napsterurl} is a good 
+example of this kind of model in modern P2P file-sharing systems.
 
 \subsection{Applications}
 
@@ -705,6 +699,8 @@
 \section{Gzz and Peer-to-Peer network}
 
 \section{Conclusion}
+\bibliographystyle{plain}
+\bibliography{progradu}