pwd and prompt don't update after deleting current working directory

[David Hedlund]

Configuration Information [Automatically generated, do not change]:
Machine: x86_64
OS: linux-gnu
Compiler: gcc
Compilation CFLAGS: -g -O2 -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -flto=auto 
-ffat-lto-objects -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat 
-Werror=format-security -Wall
uname output: Linux blues-System-Product-Name 5.15.0-113-generic 
#123+11.0trisquel30 SMP Wed Jun 26 05:33:28 UTC 2024 x86_64 x86_64 
x86_64 GNU/Linux
Machine Type: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu

Bash Version: 5.1
Patch Level: 16
Release Status: release

[Originally submitted to 
https://github.com/mate-desktop/mate-terminal/issues/459. A user replied 
"I don't think this should concern MATE-Terminal, it's a question of the 
shell itself IMO." - 
https://github.com/mate-desktop/mate-terminal/issues/459#issuecomment-2222276438]

When a directory is deleted while the user is inside it, the terminal 
should automatically return to the parent directory.

#### Expected behaviour
When a directory is deleted while the user is inside it, the terminal 
should automatically return to the parent directory.

```
user@domain:~/test$ mkdir ~/test && cd ~/test && touch foo && ls
foo
user@domain:~/test$ rm -r ~/test
user@domain:~/$
```

#### Actual behaviour
The terminal remains in the deleted directory's path, even though the 
directory no longer exists.

#### Steps to reproduce the behaviour
Create a new directory and navigate into it:

```
user@domain:~/test$ mkdir ~/test && cd ~/test && touch foo && ls
foo
```

Delete the directory while still inside it:
```
user@domain:~/test$ rm -r ~/test
```

#### MATE general version
1.26.0

#### Package version
1.26.0

#### Linux Distribution
Trisquel 11