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Changes to doc/grep_3.html
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From: |
Karl Berry |
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Subject: |
Changes to doc/grep_3.html |
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Date: |
Sun, 24 May 2009 18:43:16 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/grep
Module name: grep
Changes by: Karl Berry <karl> 09/05/24 18:43:01
Index: doc/grep_3.html
===================================================================
RCS file: doc/grep_3.html
diff -N doc/grep_3.html
--- doc/grep_3.html 23 Jan 2002 10:33:52 -0000 1.3
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,399 +0,0 @@
-<HTML>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-<!-- Created on January, 23 2002 by texi2html 1.64 -->
-<!--
-Written by: Lionel Cons <address@hidden> (original author)
- Karl Berry <address@hidden>
- Olaf Bachmann <address@hidden>
- and many others.
-Maintained by: Olaf Bachmann <address@hidden>
-Send bugs and suggestions to <address@hidden>
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-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>grep, print lines matching a pattern: 2.1 GNU Extensions</TITLE>
-
-<META NAME="description" CONTENT="grep, print lines matching a pattern: 2.1
GNU Extensions">
-<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="grep, print lines matching a pattern: 2.1 GNU
Extensions">
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-</HEAD>
-
-<BODY LANG="" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#800080"
ALINK="#FF0000">
-
-<A NAME="SEC3"></A>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_2.html#SEC2"> <
</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_4.html#SEC4"> > </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A
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-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_2.html#SEC2"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_5.html#SEC5"> >>
</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE"
ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A
HREF="grep.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A
HREF="grep_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_21.html#SEC21">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_abt.html#SEC_About"> ?
</A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<HR SIZE=1>
-<H2> 2.1 GNU Extensions </H2>
-<!--docid::SEC3::-->
-<P>
-
-<DL COMPACT>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-A <VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--after-context=<VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX37"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX38"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX39"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX40"></A>
-Print <VAR>num</VAR> lines of trailing context after matching lines.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-B <VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--before-context=<VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX41"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX42"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX43"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX44"></A>
-Print <VAR>num</VAR> lines of leading context before matching lines.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-C <VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--context=<VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX45"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX46"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX47"></A>
-Print <VAR>num</VAR> lines of output context.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`--colour[=<VAR>WHEN</VAR>]'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--color[=<VAR>WHEN</VAR>]'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX48"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX49"></A>
-The matching string is surrounded by the marker specify in
<VAR>GREP_COLOR</VAR>.
-<VAR>WHEN</VAR> may be `never', `always', or `auto'.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-<VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX50"></A>
-Same as <SAMP>`--context=<VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP> lines of leading and trailing
-context. However, grep will never print any given line more than once.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-V'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--version'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX51"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX52"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX53"></A>
-Print the version number of <CODE>grep</CODE> to the standard output stream.
-This version number should be included in all bug reports.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`--help'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX54"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX55"></A>
-Print a usage message briefly summarizing these command-line options
-and the bug-reporting address, then exit.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`--binary-files=<VAR>type</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX56"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX57"></A>
-If the first few bytes of a file indicate that the file contains binary
-data, assume that the file is of type <VAR>type</VAR>. By default,
-<VAR>type</VAR> is <SAMP>`binary'</SAMP>, and <CODE>grep</CODE> normally
outputs either
-a one-line message saying that a binary file matches, or no message if
-there is no match. If <VAR>type</VAR> is <SAMP>`without-match'</SAMP>,
-<CODE>grep</CODE> assumes that a binary file does not match;
-this is equivalent to the <SAMP>`-I'</SAMP> option. If <VAR>type</VAR>
-is <SAMP>`text'</SAMP>, <CODE>grep</CODE> processes a binary file as if it were
-text; this is equivalent to the <SAMP>`-a'</SAMP> option.
-<EM>Warning:</EM> <SAMP>`--binary-files=text'</SAMP> might output binary
garbage,
-which can have nasty side effects if the output is a terminal and if the
-terminal driver interprets some of it as commands.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--byte-offset'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX58"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX59"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX60"></A>
-Print the byte offset within the input file before each line of output.
-When <CODE>grep</CODE> runs on MS-DOS or MS-Windows, the printed
-byte offsets
-depend on whether the <SAMP>`-u'</SAMP> (<SAMP>`--unix-byte-offsets'</SAMP>)
option is
-used; see below.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-D <VAR>action</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--devices=<VAR>action</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX61"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX62"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX63"></A>
-If an input file is a device, FIFO or socket, use <VAR>action</VAR> to process
it.
-By default, <VAR>action</VAR> is <SAMP>`read'</SAMP>, which means that devices
are
-read just as if they were ordinary files.
-If <VAR>action</VAR> is <SAMP>`skip'</SAMP>, devices, FIFOs and sockets are
silently
-skipped.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-d <VAR>action</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--directories=<VAR>action</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX64"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX65"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX66"></A>
-If an input file is a directory, use <VAR>action</VAR> to process it.
-By default, <VAR>action</VAR> is <SAMP>`read'</SAMP>, which means that
directories are
-read just as if they were ordinary files (some operating systems
-and filesystems disallow this, and will cause <CODE>grep</CODE> to print error
-messages for every directory or silently skip them). If <VAR>action</VAR> is
-<SAMP>`skip'</SAMP>, directories are silently skipped. If <VAR>action</VAR> is
-<SAMP>`recurse'</SAMP>, <CODE>grep</CODE> reads all files under each directory,
-recursively; this is equivalent to the <SAMP>`-r'</SAMP> option.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-H'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--with-filename'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX67"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX68"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX69"></A>
-Print the filename for each match.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-h'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--no-filename'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX70"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX71"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX72"></A>
-Suppress the prefixing of filenames on output when multiple files are searched.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`--line-buffered'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX73"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX74"></A>
-Set the line buffering policy, this can be a performance penality.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`--label=<VAR>LABEL</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX75"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX76"></A>
-Displays input actually coming from standard input as input coming from file
-<VAR>LABEL</VAR>. This is especially useful for tools like zgrep, e.g.
-<CODE>gzip -cd foo.gz |grep --label=foo something</CODE>
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-L'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--files-without-match'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX77"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX78"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX79"></A>
-Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input
-file from which no output would normally have been printed.
-The scanning of every file will stop on the first match.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-a'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--text'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX80"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX81"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX82"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX83"></A>
-Process a binary file as if it were text; this is equivalent to the
-<SAMP>`--binary-files=text'</SAMP> option.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-I'</SAMP>
-<DD>Process a binary file as if it did not contain matching data; this is
-equivalent to the <SAMP>`--binary-files=without-match'</SAMP> option.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-w'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--word-regexp'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX84"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX85"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX86"></A>
-Select only those lines containing matches that form
-whole words. The test is that the matching substring
-must either be at the beginning of the line, or preceded
-by a non-word constituent character. Similarly,
-it must be either at the end of the line or followed by
-a non-word constituent character. Word-constituent
-characters are letters, digits, and the underscore.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-r'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`-R'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--recursive'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX87"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX88"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX89"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX90"></A>
-For each directory mentioned in the command line, read and process all
-files in that directory, recursively. This is the same as the
-<SAMP>`--directories=recurse'</SAMP> option.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`--include=<VAR>file_pattern</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX91"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX92"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX93"></A>
-When processing directories recursively, only files matching
<VAR>file_pattern</VAR>
-will be search.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`--exclude=<VAR>file_pattern</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX94"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX95"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX96"></A>
-When processing directories recursively, skip files matching
<VAR>file_pattern</VAR>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-m <VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--max-count=<VAR>num</VAR>'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX97"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX98"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX99"></A>
-Stop reading a file after <VAR>num</VAR> matching lines. If the input is
-standard input from a regular file, and <VAR>num</VAR> matching lines are
-output, <CODE>grep</CODE> ensures that the standard input is positioned to
-just after the last matching line before exiting, regardless of the
-presence of trailing context lines. This enables a calling process
-to resume a search. For example, the following shell script makes use
-of it:
-<P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre>while grep -m 1 PATTERN
-do
- echo xxxx
-done < FILE
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-But the following probably will not work because a pipe is not a regular
-file:
-</P><P>
-
-<TABLE><tr><td> </td><td class=example><pre># This probably will not work.
-cat FILE |
-while grep -m 1 PATTERN
-do
- echo xxxx
-done
-</pre></td></tr></table></P><P>
-
-When <CODE>grep</CODE> stops after NUM matching lines, it outputs
-any trailing context lines. Since context does not include matching
-lines, <CODE>grep</CODE> will stop when it encounters another matching line.
-When the <SAMP>`-c'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`--count'</SAMP> option is also used,
-<CODE>grep</CODE> does not output a count greater than <VAR>num</VAR>.
-When the <SAMP>`-v'</SAMP> or <SAMP>`--invert-match'</SAMP> option is
-also used, <CODE>grep</CODE> stops after outputting <VAR>num</VAR>
-non-matching lines.
-</P><P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-y'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX100"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX101"></A>
-Obsolete synonym for <SAMP>`-i'</SAMP>.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-U'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--binary'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX102"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX103"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX104"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX105"></A>
-Treat the file(s) as binary. By default, under MS-DOS
-and MS-Windows, <CODE>grep</CODE> guesses the file type by looking
-at the contents of the first 32kB read from the file.
-If <CODE>grep</CODE> decides the file is a text file, it strips the
-<CODE>CR</CODE> characters from the original file contents (to make
-regular expressions with <CODE>^</CODE> and <CODE>$</CODE> work correctly).
-Specifying <SAMP>`-U'</SAMP> overrules this guesswork, causing all
-files to be read and passed to the matching mechanism
-verbatim; if the file is a text file with <CODE>CR/LF</CODE> pairs
-at the end of each line, this will cause some regular
-expressions to fail. This option has no effect on platforms other than
-MS-DOS and MS-Windows.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-u'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--unix-byte-offsets'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX106"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX107"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX108"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX109"></A>
-Report Unix-style byte offsets. This switch causes
-<CODE>grep</CODE> to report byte offsets as if the file were Unix style
-text file, i.e., the byte offsets ignore the <CODE>CR</CODE> characters which
were
-stripped. This will produce results identical to running <CODE>grep</CODE> on
-a Unix machine. This option has no effect unless <SAMP>`-b'</SAMP>
-option is also used; it has no effect on platforms other than MS-DOS and
-MS-Windows.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`--mmap'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX110"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX111"></A>
-If possible, use the <CODE>mmap</CODE> system call to read input, instead of
-the default <CODE>read</CODE> system call. In some situations,
<SAMP>`--mmap'</SAMP>
-yields better performance. However, <SAMP>`--mmap'</SAMP> can cause undefined
-behavior (including core dumps) if an input file shrinks while
-<CODE>grep</CODE> is operating, or if an I/O error occurs.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-Z'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--null'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX112"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX113"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX114"></A>
-Output a zero byte (the ASCII <CODE>NUL</CODE> character) instead of the
-character that normally follows a file name. For example, <SAMP>`grep
--lZ'</SAMP> outputs a zero byte after each file name instead of the usual
-newline. This option makes the output unambiguous, even in the presence
-of file names containing unusual characters like newlines. This option
-can be used with commands like <SAMP>`find -print0'</SAMP>, <SAMP>`perl
-0'</SAMP>,
-<SAMP>`sort -z'</SAMP>, and <SAMP>`xargs -0'</SAMP> to process arbitrary file
names,
-even those that contain newline characters.
-<P>
-
-<DT><SAMP>`-z'</SAMP>
-<DD><DT><SAMP>`--null-data'</SAMP>
-<DD><A NAME="IDX115"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX116"></A>
-<A NAME="IDX117"></A>
-Treat the input as a set of lines, each terminated by a zero byte (the
-ASCII <CODE>NUL</CODE> character) instead of a newline. Like the
<SAMP>`-Z'</SAMP>
-or <SAMP>`--null'</SAMP> option, this option can be used with commands like
-<SAMP>`sort -z'</SAMP> to process arbitrary file names.
-<P>
-
-</DL>
-<P>
-
-Several additional options control which variant of the <CODE>grep</CODE>
-matching engine is used. See section <A HREF="grep_6.html#SEC6">4.
<CODE>grep</CODE> programs</A>.
-</P><P>
-
-<HR SIZE=1>
-<TABLE CELLPADDING=1 CELLSPACING=1 BORDER=0>
-<TR><TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_2.html#SEC2"> <
</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_4.html#SEC4"> > </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A
HREF="grep_2.html#SEC2"> << </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_2.html#SEC2"> Up </A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_5.html#SEC5"> >>
</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">
<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE"
ALIGN="LEFT"> <TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A
HREF="grep.html#SEC_Top">Top</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A
HREF="grep_toc.html#SEC_Contents">Contents</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_21.html#SEC21">Index</A>]</TD>
-<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" ALIGN="LEFT">[<A HREF="grep_abt.html#SEC_About"> ?
</A>]</TD>
-</TR></TABLE>
-<BR>
-<FONT SIZE="-1">
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