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Changes to grep/manual/grep.html,v
|
From: |
Jim Meyering |
|
Subject: |
Changes to grep/manual/grep.html,v |
|
Date: |
Tue, 23 Mar 2010 12:04:23 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /webcvs/grep
Module name: grep
Changes by: Jim Meyering <meyering> 10/03/23 12:04:22
Index: grep.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/grep/grep/manual/grep.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- grep.html 24 May 2009 18:42:55 -0000 1.1
+++ grep.html 23 Mar 2010 12:04:15 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
<html lang="en">
<head>
-<title>GNU Grep 2.5.4</title>
+<title>GNU Grep 2.6</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
-<meta name="description" content="GNU Grep 2.5.4">
+<meta name="description" content="GNU Grep 2.6">
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.13">
<link title="Top" rel="top" href="#Top">
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/"; rel="generator-home"
title="Texinfo Homepage">
<!--
This manual is for `grep', a pattern matching engine.
-Copyright (C) 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2009 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.
+Copyright (C) 1999-2002, 2005, 2008-2010 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
--></style>
</head>
<body>
-<h1 class="settitle">GNU Grep 2.5.4</h1>
+<h1 class="settitle">GNU Grep 2.6</h1>
<div class="contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
@@ -91,12 +91,12 @@
<p><samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> prints lines that match a
pattern.
- <p>This manual is for version 2.5.4 of GNU Grep.
+ <p>This manual is for version 2.6 of GNU Grep.
<p>This manual is for <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>, a
pattern matching engine.
- <p>Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2009 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.
+ <p>Copyright © 1999-2002, 2005, 2008-2010 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.
<blockquote>
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@@ -404,11 +404,11 @@
(or only standard input) to search.
<br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--label=</span><var>LABEL</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dlabel-61"></a><a
name="index-changing-name-of-standard-input-62"></a>Display input actually
coming from standard input
-as input coming from file <var>LABEL</var>.
-This is especially useful for tools like <samp><span
class="command">zgrep</span></samp>;
-e.g.:
+as input coming from file <var>LABEL</var>. This is
+especially useful when implementing tools like
+<samp><span class="command">zgrep</span></samp>; e.g.:
- <pre class="example"> gzip -cd foo.gz | grep --label=foo
something
+ <pre class="example"> gzip -cd foo.gz | grep --label=foo -H
something
</pre>
<br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-n</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--line-number</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dn-63"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dline_002dnumber-64"></a><a
name="index-line-numbering-65"></a>Prefix each line of output with the 1-based
line number within its input file.
(‘<samp><span class="samp">-n</span></samp>’ is specified by <span
class="sc">posix</span>.)
@@ -468,6 +468,13 @@
<br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">-C
</span><var>num</var></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-</span><var>num</var></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--context=</span><var>num</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dC-84"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dcontext-85"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_0040var_007bnum_007d-86"></a><a
name="index-context-87"></a>Print <var>num</var> lines of leading and trailing
output context.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--group-separator=</span><var>string</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dgroup_002dseparator-88"></a><a
name="index-group-separator-89"></a>When <samp><span
class="option">-A</span></samp>, <samp><span class="option">-B</span></samp> or
<samp><span class="option">-C</span></samp> are in use,
+print <var>string</var> instead of ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--</span></samp>’ around disjoint groups
+of lines.
+
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--no-group-separator</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dgroup_002dseparator-90"></a><a
name="index-group-separator-91"></a>When <samp><span
class="option">-A</span></samp>, <samp><span class="option">-B</span></samp> or
<samp><span class="option">-C</span></samp> are in use,
+print disjoint groups of lines adjacent to each other.
+
</dl>
<p>Matching lines normally use ‘<samp><span
class="samp">:</span></samp>’ as a separator
@@ -477,11 +484,12 @@
matching lines are simply output one right after another.
When nonzero context is specified,
lines that are adjacent in the input form a group
-and are output one right after another,
-but disjoint groups of lines are separated by a ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--</span></samp>’
-without any prefix and on a line of its own.
-Each group may contain several matching lines
-when they are close enough to each other
+and are output one right after another, while
+a separator appears by default between disjoint groups on a line
+of its own and without any prefix. The default separator
+is ‘<samp><span class="samp">--</span></samp>’, however whether to
include it and its appearance
+can be changed with the options above. Each group may contain
+several matching lines when they are close enough to each other
that two otherwise adjacent but divided groups connect
and can just merge into a single contiguous one.
@@ -497,10 +505,10 @@
<h4 class="subsection">2.1.6 File and Directory Selection</h4>
<dl>
-<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-a</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--text</span></samp>’<dd><a name="index-g_t_002da-88"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dtext-89"></a><a
name="index-suppress-binary-data-90"></a><a
name="index-binary-files-91"></a>Process a binary file as if it were text;
+<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-a</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--text</span></samp>’<dd><a name="index-g_t_002da-92"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dtext-93"></a><a
name="index-suppress-binary-data-94"></a><a
name="index-binary-files-95"></a>Process a binary file as if it were text;
this is equivalent to the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--binary-files=text</span></samp>’ option.
- <dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--binary-files=</span><var>type</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dbinary_002dfiles-92"></a><a
name="index-binary-files-93"></a>If the first few bytes of a file indicate that
the file contains binary data,
+ <dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--binary-files=</span><var>type</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dbinary_002dfiles-96"></a><a
name="index-binary-files-97"></a>If the first few bytes of a file indicate that
the file contains binary data,
assume that the file is of type <var>type</var>.
By default, <var>type</var> is ‘<samp><span
class="samp">binary</span></samp>’,
and <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> normally outputs either
@@ -517,13 +525,13 @@
if the output is a terminal and
if the terminal driver interprets some of it as commands.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">-D
</span><var>action</var></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--devices=</span><var>action</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dD-94"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002ddevices-95"></a><a
name="index-device-search-96"></a>If an input file is a device, FIFO, or
socket, use <var>action</var> to process it.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">-D
</span><var>action</var></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--devices=</span><var>action</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dD-98"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002ddevices-99"></a><a
name="index-device-search-100"></a>If an input file is a device, FIFO, or
socket, use <var>action</var> to process it.
By default, <var>action</var> is ‘<samp><span
class="samp">read</span></samp>’,
which means that devices are read just as if they were ordinary files.
If <var>action</var> is ‘<samp><span
class="samp">skip</span></samp>’,
devices, FIFOs, and sockets are silently skipped.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">-d
</span><var>action</var></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--directories=</span><var>action</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dd-97"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002ddirectories-98"></a><a
name="index-directory-search-99"></a>If an input file is a directory, use
<var>action</var> to process it.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">-d
</span><var>action</var></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--directories=</span><var>action</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dd-101"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002ddirectories-102"></a><a
name="index-directory-search-103"></a>If an input file is a directory, use
<var>action</var> to process it.
By default, <var>action</var> is ‘<samp><span
class="samp">read</span></samp>’,
which means that directories are read just as if they were ordinary files
(some operating systems and file systems disallow this,
@@ -534,26 +542,26 @@
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> reads all files under each
directory, recursively;
this is equivalent to the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">-r</span></samp>’ option.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--exclude=</span><var>glob</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude-100"></a><a
name="index-exclude-files-101"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-102"></a>Skip files whose base name
matches <var>glob</var>
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--exclude=</span><var>glob</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude-104"></a><a
name="index-exclude-files-105"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-106"></a>Skip files whose base name
matches <var>glob</var>
(using wildcard matching).
A file-name glob can use
‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">?</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[</span></samp>’...‘<samp><span
class="samp">]</span></samp>’ as wildcards,
and <code>\</code> to quote a wildcard or backslash character literally.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--exclude-from=</span><var>file</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dfrom-103"></a><a
name="index-exclude-files-104"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-105"></a>Skip files whose base name
matches any of the file-name globs
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--exclude-from=</span><var>file</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dfrom-107"></a><a
name="index-exclude-files-108"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-109"></a>Skip files whose base name
matches any of the file-name globs
read from <var>file</var> (using wildcard matching as described
under ‘<samp><span class="samp">--exclude</span></samp>’).
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--exclude-dir=</span><var>dir</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002ddir-106"></a><a
name="index-exclude-directories-107"></a>Exclude directories matching the
pattern <var>dir</var> from recursive
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--exclude-dir=</span><var>dir</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002ddir-110"></a><a
name="index-exclude-directories-111"></a>Exclude directories matching the
pattern <var>dir</var> from recursive
directory searches.
<br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-I</span></samp>’<dd>Process a binary file as if it did not
contain matching data;
this is equivalent to the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--binary-files=without-match</span></samp>’ option.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--include=</span><var>glob</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dinclude-108"></a><a
name="index-include-files-109"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-110"></a>Search only files whose base
name matches <var>glob</var>
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--include=</span><var>glob</var></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dinclude-112"></a><a
name="index-include-files-113"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-114"></a>Search only files whose base
name matches <var>glob</var>
(using wildcard matching as described under ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--exclude</span></samp>’).
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-r</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-R</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--recursive</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dr-111"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002drecursive-112"></a><a
name="index-recursive-search-113"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-114"></a>For each directory mentioned on
the command line,
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-r</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-R</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--recursive</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dr-115"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002drecursive-116"></a><a
name="index-recursive-search-117"></a><a
name="index-searching-directory-trees-118"></a>For each directory mentioned on
the command line,
read and process all files in that directory, recursively.
This is the same as the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--directories=recurse</span></samp>’ option.
@@ -570,17 +578,15 @@
<h4 class="subsection">2.1.7 Other Options</h4>
<dl>
-<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">--line-buffered</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dline_002dbuffered-115"></a><a
name="index-line-buffering-116"></a>Use line buffering on output.
+<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">--line-buffered</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dline_002dbuffered-119"></a><a
name="index-line-buffering-120"></a>Use line buffering on output.
This can cause a performance penalty.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">--mmap</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dmmap-117"></a><a
name="index-memory-mapped-input-118"></a>If possible, use the <code>mmap</code>
system call to read input,
-instead of the default <code>read</code> system call.
-In some situations, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--mmap</span></samp>’ yields better performance.
-However, ‘<samp><span class="samp">--mmap</span></samp>’ can cause
undefined behavior (including core dumps)
-if an input file shrinks while <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>
is operating,
-or if an I/O error occurs.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">--mmap</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dmmap-121"></a><a
name="index-memory-mapped-input-122"></a>This option is ignored for backwards
compatibility. It used to read
+input with the <code>mmap</code> system call, instead of the default
<code>read</code>
+system call. On modern systems, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">--mmap</span></samp>’ rarely if ever yields
+better performance.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-U</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--binary</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dU-119"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dbinary-120"></a><a
name="index-g_t_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-binary-files-121"></a><a
name="index-binary-files_002c-_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-122"></a>Treat
the file(s) as binary.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-U</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--binary</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dU-123"></a><a name="index-g_t_002d_002dbinary-124"></a><a
name="index-g_t_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-binary-files-125"></a><a
name="index-binary-files_002c-_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-126"></a>Treat
the file(s) as binary.
By default, under <span class="sc">ms-dos</span> and <span
class="sc">ms</span>-Windows,
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> guesses the file type
by looking at the contents of the first 32kB read from the file.
@@ -594,7 +600,7 @@
This option has no effect
on platforms other than <span class="sc">ms-dos</span> and <span
class="sc">ms</span>-Windows.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-z</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--null-data</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dz-123"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dnull_002ddata-124"></a><a
name="index-zero_002dterminated-lines-125"></a>Treat the input as a set of
lines, each terminated by a zero byte (the
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-z</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--null-data</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dz-127"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dnull_002ddata-128"></a><a
name="index-zero_002dterminated-lines-129"></a>Treat the input as a set of
lines, each terminated by a zero byte (the
<span class="sc">ascii</span> <code>NUL</code> character) instead of a
newline.
Like the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-Z</span></samp>’ or
‘<samp><span class="samp">--null</span></samp>’ option,
this option can be used with commands like
@@ -630,9 +636,9 @@
or if <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> was not compiled
with national language support (<span class="sc">nls</span>).
- <p><a name="index-environment-variables-126"></a>
+ <p><a name="index-environment-variables-130"></a>
<dl>
-<dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_OPTIONS</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fOPTIONS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-127"></a><a
name="index-default-options-environment-variable-128"></a>This variable
specifies default options to be placed in front of any
+<dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_OPTIONS</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fOPTIONS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-131"></a><a
name="index-default-options-environment-variable-132"></a>This variable
specifies default options to be placed in front of any
explicit options.
For example, if <code>GREP_OPTIONS</code> is
‘<samp><span class="samp">--binary-files=without-match
--directories=skip</span></samp>’, <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp>
@@ -644,7 +650,7 @@
A backslash escapes the next character, so it can be used to
specify an option containing whitespace or a backslash.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_COLOR</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fCOLOR-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-129"></a><a
name="index-highlight-markers-130"></a>This variable specifies the color used
to highlight matched (non-empty) text.
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_COLOR</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fCOLOR-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-133"></a><a
name="index-highlight-markers-134"></a>This variable specifies the color used
to highlight matched (non-empty) text.
It is deprecated in favor of <code>GREP_COLORS</code>, but still supported.
The ‘<samp><span class="samp">mt</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">ms</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span
class="samp">mc</span></samp>’ capabilities of <code>GREP_COLORS</code>
have priority over it.
@@ -655,7 +661,7 @@
The default is ‘<samp><span class="samp">01;31</span></samp>’,
which means a bold red foreground text on the terminal's default background.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_COLORS</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-131"></a><a
name="index-highlight-markers-132"></a>This variable specifies the colors and
other attributes
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">GREP_COLORS</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-135"></a><a
name="index-highlight-markers-136"></a>This variable specifies the colors and
other attributes
used to highlight various parts of the output.
Its value is a colon-separated list of capabilities
that defaults to ‘<samp><span
class="samp">ms=01;31:mc=01;31:sl=:cx=:fn=35:ln=32:bn=32:se=36</span></samp>’
@@ -663,7 +669,7 @@
Supported capabilities are as follows.
<dl>
-<dt><code>sl=</code><dd><a
name="index-sl-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-133"></a>SGR
substring for whole selected lines
+<dt><code>sl=</code><dd><a
name="index-sl-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-137"></a>SGR
substring for whole selected lines
(i.e.,
matching lines when the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">-v</span></samp>’ command-line option is omitted,
or non-matching lines when ‘<samp><span
class="samp">-v</span></samp>’ is specified).
@@ -672,7 +678,7 @@
it applies to context matching lines instead.
The default is empty (i.e., the terminal's default color pair).
- <br><dt><code>cx=</code><dd><a
name="index-cx-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-134"></a>SGR
substring for whole context lines
+ <br><dt><code>cx=</code><dd><a
name="index-cx-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-138"></a>SGR
substring for whole context lines
(i.e.,
non-matching lines when the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">-v</span></samp>’ command-line option is omitted,
or matching lines when ‘<samp><span class="samp">-v</span></samp>’
is specified).
@@ -681,12 +687,12 @@
it applies to selected non-matching lines instead.
The default is empty (i.e., the terminal's default color pair).
- <br><dt><code>rv</code><dd><a
name="index-rv-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-135"></a>Boolean
value that reverses (swaps) the meanings of
+ <br><dt><code>rv</code><dd><a
name="index-rv-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-139"></a>Boolean
value that reverses (swaps) the meanings of
the ‘<samp><span class="samp">sl=</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">cx=</span></samp>’ capabilities
when the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-v</span></samp>’ command-line
option is specified.
The default is false (i.e., the capability is omitted).
- <br><dt><code>mt=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-mt-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-136"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in any matching line
+ <br><dt><code>mt=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-mt-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-140"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in any matching line
(i.e.,
a selected line when the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">-v</span></samp>’ command-line option is omitted,
or a context line when ‘<samp><span class="samp">-v</span></samp>’
is specified).
@@ -694,35 +700,35 @@
at once to the same value.
The default is a bold red text foreground over the current line background.
- <br><dt><code>ms=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-ms-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-137"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in a selected line.
+ <br><dt><code>ms=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-ms-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-141"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in a selected line.
(This is only used when the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">-v</span></samp>’ command-line option is omitted.)
The effect of the ‘<samp><span class="samp">sl=</span></samp>’ (or
‘<samp><span class="samp">cx=</span></samp>’ if ‘<samp><span
class="samp">rv</span></samp>’) capability
remains active when this kicks in.
The default is a bold red text foreground over the current line background.
- <br><dt><code>mc=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-mc-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-138"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in a context line.
+ <br><dt><code>mc=01;31</code><dd><a
name="index-mc-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-142"></a>SGR
substring for matching non-empty text in a context line.
(This is only used when the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">-v</span></samp>’ command-line option is specified.)
The effect of the ‘<samp><span class="samp">cx=</span></samp>’ (or
‘<samp><span class="samp">sl=</span></samp>’ if ‘<samp><span
class="samp">rv</span></samp>’) capability
remains active when this kicks in.
The default is a bold red text foreground over the current line background.
- <br><dt><code>fn=35</code><dd><a
name="index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-139"></a>SGR
substring for file names prefixing any content line.
+ <br><dt><code>fn=35</code><dd><a
name="index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-143"></a>SGR
substring for file names prefixing any content line.
The default is a magenta text foreground over the terminal's default
background.
- <br><dt><code>ln=32</code><dd><a
name="index-ln-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-140"></a>SGR
substring for line numbers prefixing any content line.
+ <br><dt><code>ln=32</code><dd><a
name="index-ln-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-144"></a>SGR
substring for line numbers prefixing any content line.
The default is a green text foreground over the terminal's default background.
- <br><dt><code>bn=32</code><dd><a
name="index-bn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-141"></a>SGR
substring for byte offsets prefixing any content line.
+ <br><dt><code>bn=32</code><dd><a
name="index-bn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-145"></a>SGR
substring for byte offsets prefixing any content line.
The default is a green text foreground over the terminal's default background.
- <br><dt><code>se=36</code><dd><a
name="index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-142"></a>SGR
substring for separators that are inserted
+ <br><dt><code>se=36</code><dd><a
name="index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-146"></a>SGR
substring for separators that are inserted
between selected line fields (‘<samp><span
class="samp">:</span></samp>’),
between context line fields (‘<samp><span
class="samp">-</span></samp>’),
and between groups of adjacent lines
when nonzero context is specified (‘<samp><span
class="samp">--</span></samp>’).
The default is a cyan text foreground over the terminal's default background.
- <br><dt><code>ne</code><dd><a
name="index-ne-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-143"></a>Boolean
value that prevents clearing to the end of line
+ <br><dt><code>ne</code><dd><a
name="index-ne-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-147"></a>Boolean
value that prevents clearing to the end of line
using Erase in Line (EL) to Right (‘<samp><span
class="samp">\33[K</span></samp>’)
each time a colorized item ends.
This is needed on terminals on which EL is not supported.
@@ -760,19 +766,19 @@
and ‘<samp><span class="samp">48;5;0</span></samp>’ to
‘<samp><span class="samp">48;5;255</span></samp>’
for 88-color and 256-color modes background colors.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_COLLATE</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-144"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fCOLLATE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-145"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-146"></a><a
name="index-character-type-147"></a><a
name="index-national-language-support-148"></a><a
name="index-NLS-149"></a>These variables specify the locale for the
<code>LC_COLLATE</code> category,
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_COLLATE</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-148"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fCOLLATE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-149"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-150"></a><a
name="index-character-type-151"></a><a
name="index-national-language-support-152"></a><a
name="index-NLS-153"></a>These variables specify the locale for the
<code>LC_COLLATE</code> category,
which determines the collating sequence
used to interpret range expressions like ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[a-z]</span></samp>’.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_CTYPE</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-150"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fCTYPE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-151"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-152"></a>These variables
specify the locale for the <code>LC_CTYPE</code> category,
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_CTYPE</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-154"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fCTYPE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-155"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-156"></a>These variables
specify the locale for the <code>LC_CTYPE</code> category,
which determines the type of characters,
e.g., which characters are whitespace.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_MESSAGES</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-153"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-154"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-155"></a><a
name="index-language-of-messages-156"></a><a
name="index-message-language-157"></a><a
name="index-national-language-support-158"></a><a
name="index-translation-of-message-language-159"></a>These variables specify
the locale for the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code> category,
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">LC_ALL</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LC_MESSAGES</span></samp><dt><samp><span
class="env">LANG</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-157"></a><a
name="index-LC_005fMESSAGES-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-158"></a><a
name="index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-159"></a><a
name="index-language-of-messages-160"></a><a
name="index-message-language-161"></a><a
name="index-national-language-support-162"></a><a
name="index-translation-of-message-language-163"></a>These variables specify
the locale for the <code>LC_MESSAGES</code> category,
which determines the language that <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> uses for messages.
The default ‘<samp><span class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale uses
American English messages.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">POSIXLY_CORRECT</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-160"></a>If
set, <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> behaves as <span
class="sc">posix.2</span> requires; otherwise,
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">POSIXLY_CORRECT</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-164"></a>If
set, <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> behaves as <span
class="sc">posix.2</span> requires; otherwise,
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> behaves more like other <span
class="sc">gnu</span> programs.
<span class="sc">posix.2</span>
requires that options that
@@ -787,7 +793,7 @@
<code>POSIXLY_CORRECT</code> also disables
<code>_</code><var>N</var><code>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_</code>,
described below.
- <br><dt><samp><span class="env">_</span><var>N</var><span
class="env">_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_005f_0040var_007bN_007d_005fGNU_005fnonoption_005fargv_005fflags_005f-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-161"></a>(Here
<var>N</var> is <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>'s numeric
process ID.)
+ <br><dt><samp><span class="env">_</span><var>N</var><span
class="env">_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_</span></samp><dd><a
name="index-g_t_005f_0040var_007bN_007d_005fGNU_005fnonoption_005fargv_005fflags_005f-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-165"></a>(Here
<var>N</var> is <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>'s numeric
process ID.)
If the <var>i</var>th character of this environment variable's value is
‘<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>’,
do not consider the <var>i</var>th operand of <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> to be an option,
even if it appears to be one.
@@ -810,7 +816,7 @@
<h3 class="section">2.3 Exit Status</h3>
-<p><a name="index-exit-status-162"></a><a name="index-return-status-163"></a>
+<p><a name="index-exit-status-166"></a><a name="index-return-status-167"></a>
Normally, the exit status is 0 if selected lines are found and 1 otherwise.
But the exit status is 2 if an error occurred, unless the <samp><span
class="option">-q</span></samp> or
<samp><span class="option">--quiet</span></samp> or <samp><span
class="option">--silent</span></samp> option is used and a selected line
@@ -832,7 +838,7 @@
<h3 class="section">2.4 <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>
Programs</h3>
-<p><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bgrep_007d-programs-164"></a><a
name="index-variants-of-_0040command_007bgerp_007d-165"></a>
+<p><a name="index-g_t_0040command_007bgrep_007d-programs-168"></a><a
name="index-variants-of-_0040command_007bgerp_007d-169"></a>
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> searches the named input files
(or standard input if no files are named,
or the file name <samp><span class="file">-</span></samp> is given)
@@ -842,17 +848,17 @@
controlled by the following options.
<dl>
-<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-G</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--basic-regexp</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dG-166"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dbasic_002dregexp-167"></a><a
name="index-matching-basic-regular-expressions-168"></a>Interpret the pattern
as a basic regular expression (BRE).
+<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-G</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--basic-regexp</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dG-170"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dbasic_002dregexp-171"></a><a
name="index-matching-basic-regular-expressions-172"></a>Interpret the pattern
as a basic regular expression (BRE).
This is the default.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-E</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--extended-regexp</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dE-169"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dextended_002dregexp-170"></a><a
name="index-matching-extended-regular-expressions-171"></a>Interpret the
pattern as an extended regular expression (ERE).
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-E</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--extended-regexp</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dE-173"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dextended_002dregexp-174"></a><a
name="index-matching-extended-regular-expressions-175"></a>Interpret the
pattern as an extended regular expression (ERE).
(‘<samp><span class="samp">-E</span></samp>’ is specified by <span
class="sc">posix</span>.)
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-F</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--fixed-strings</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dF-172"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dfixed_002dstrings-173"></a><a
name="index-matching-fixed-strings-174"></a>Interpret the pattern as a list of
fixed strings, separated
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-F</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--fixed-strings</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dF-176"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dfixed_002dstrings-177"></a><a
name="index-matching-fixed-strings-178"></a>Interpret the pattern as a list of
fixed strings, separated
by newlines, any of which is to be matched.
(‘<samp><span class="samp">-F</span></samp>’ is specified by <span
class="sc">posix</span>.)
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-P</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--perl-regexp</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dP-175"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dperl_002dregexp-176"></a><a
name="index-matching-Perl-regular-expressions-177"></a>Interpret the pattern as
a Perl regular expression.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">-P</span></samp>’<dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">--perl-regexp</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002dP-179"></a><a
name="index-g_t_002d_002dperl_002dregexp-180"></a><a
name="index-matching-Perl-regular-expressions-181"></a>Interpret the pattern as
a Perl regular expression.
This is highly experimental and
‘<samp><span class="samp">grep -P</span></samp>’ may warn of
unimplemented features.
@@ -878,18 +884,22 @@
<h2 class="chapter">3 Regular Expressions</h2>
-<p><a name="index-regular-expressions-178"></a>
+<p><a name="index-regular-expressions-182"></a>
A <dfn>regular expression</dfn> is a pattern that describes a set of strings.
Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic expressions,
by using various operators to combine smaller expressions.
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> understands
-two different versions of regular expression syntax:
-“basic”(BRE) and “extended”(ERE).
+three different versions of regular expression syntax:
+“basic,” (BRE) “extended” (ERE) and
“perl”.
In <span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>,
-there is no difference in available functionality using either syntax.
+there is no difference in available functionality between basic and
+extended syntaxes.
In other implementations, basic regular expressions are less powerful.
The following description applies to extended regular expressions;
differences for basic regular expressions are summarized afterwards.
+Perl regular expressions give additional functionality, and are
+documented in pcresyntax(3) and pcrepattern(3), but may not be
+available on every system.
<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a>
@@ -921,21 +931,21 @@
repetition operators:
<dl>
-<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002e-179"></a><a name="index-dot-180"></a><a
name="index-period-181"></a>The period ‘<samp><span
class="samp">.</span></samp>’ matches any single character.
+<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">.</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002e-183"></a><a name="index-dot-184"></a><a
name="index-period-185"></a>The period ‘<samp><span
class="samp">.</span></samp>’ matches any single character.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">?</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_003f-182"></a><a name="index-question-mark-183"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-at-most-once-184"></a>The preceding item is
optional and will be matched at most once.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">?</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_003f-186"></a><a name="index-question-mark-187"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-at-most-once-188"></a>The preceding item is
optional and will be matched at most once.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002a-185"></a><a name="index-asterisk-186"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-zero-or-more-times-187"></a>The preceding item
will be matched zero or more times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002a-189"></a><a name="index-asterisk-190"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-zero-or-more-times-191"></a>The preceding item
will be matched zero or more times.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">+</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002b-188"></a><a name="index-plus-sign-189"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-one-or-more-times-190"></a>The preceding item will
be matched one or more times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">+</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_002b-192"></a><a name="index-plus-sign-193"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-one-or-more-times-194"></a>The preceding item will
be matched one or more times.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_0040_007d-191"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-one-argument-192"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-times-193"></a>The preceding
item is matched exactly <var>n</var> times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_0040_007d-195"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-one-argument-196"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-times-197"></a>The preceding
item is matched exactly <var>n</var> times.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">,}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040_007d-194"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-second-argument-omitted-195"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-or-more-times-196"></a>The
preceding item is matched <var>n</var> or more times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">,}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040_007d-198"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-second-argument-omitted-199"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-or-more-times-200"></a>The
preceding item is matched <var>n</var> or more times.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{,</span><var>m</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-197"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-first-argument-omitted-198"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-at-most-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-199"></a>The
preceding item is matched at most <var>m</var> times.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{,</span><var>m</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-201"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-first-argument-omitted-202"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-at-most-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-203"></a>The
preceding item is matched at most <var>m</var> times.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">,</span><var>m</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-200"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-two-arguments-201"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-from-_0040var_007bn_007d-to-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-202"></a>The
preceding item is matched at least <var>n</var> times, but not more than
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span><var>n</var><span
class="samp">,</span><var>m</var><span
class="samp">}</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-204"></a><a
name="index-braces_002c-two-arguments-205"></a><a
name="index-match-expression-from-_0040var_007bn_007d-to-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-206"></a>The
preceding item is matched at least <var>n</var> times, but not more than
<var>m</var> times.
</dl>
@@ -965,7 +975,7 @@
<h3 class="section">3.2 Character Classes and Bracket Expressions</h3>
-<p><a name="index-bracket-expression-203"></a><a
name="index-character-class-204"></a>A <dfn>bracket expression</dfn> is a list
of characters enclosed by ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[</span></samp>’ and
+<p><a name="index-bracket-expression-207"></a><a
name="index-character-class-208"></a>A <dfn>bracket expression</dfn> is a list
of characters enclosed by ‘<samp><span
class="samp">[</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">]</span></samp>’.
It matches any single character in that list;
if the first character of the list is the caret ‘<samp><span
class="samp">^</span></samp>’,
@@ -973,7 +983,7 @@
For example, the regular expression
‘<samp><span class="samp">[0123456789]</span></samp>’ matches any
single digit.
- <p><a name="index-range-expression-205"></a>Within a bracket expression, a
<dfn>range expression</dfn> consists of two
+ <p><a name="index-range-expression-209"></a>Within a bracket expression, a
<dfn>range expression</dfn> consists of two
characters separated by a hyphen.
It matches any single character that
sorts between the two characters, inclusive, using the locale's
@@ -994,44 +1004,44 @@
the interpretation below is that of the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">C</span></samp>’ locale,
which is the default if no <code>LC_CTYPE</code> locale is specified.
- <p><a name="index-classes-of-characters-206"></a><a
name="index-character-classes-207"></a>
+ <p><a name="index-classes-of-characters-210"></a><a
name="index-character-classes-211"></a>
<dl>
-<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alnum-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-208"></a><a
name="index-alphanumeric-characters-209"></a>Alphanumeric characters:
+<dt>‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alnum-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-212"></a><a
name="index-alphanumeric-characters-213"></a>Alphanumeric characters:
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alpha:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:digit:]</span></samp>’.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:alpha:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alpha-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-210"></a><a
name="index-alphabetic-characters-211"></a>Alphabetic characters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:alpha:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-alpha-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-214"></a><a
name="index-alphabetic-characters-215"></a>Alphabetic characters:
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:lower:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:blank:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-blank-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-212"></a><a
name="index-blank-characters-213"></a>Blank characters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:blank:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-blank-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-216"></a><a
name="index-blank-characters-217"></a>Blank characters:
space and tab.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:cntrl:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-cntrl-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-214"></a><a
name="index-control-characters-215"></a>Control characters.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:cntrl:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-cntrl-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-218"></a><a
name="index-control-characters-219"></a>Control characters.
In <span class="sc">ascii</span>, these characters have octal codes 000
through 037, and 177 (<code>DEL</code>).
In other character sets, these are
the equivalent characters, if any.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:digit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-digit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-216"></a><a
name="index-digit-characters-217"></a><a
name="index-numeric-characters-218"></a>Digits: <code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9</code>.
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:digit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-digit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-220"></a><a
name="index-digit-characters-221"></a><a
name="index-numeric-characters-222"></a>Digits: <code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9</code>.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:graph:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-graph-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-219"></a><a
name="index-graphic-characters-220"></a>Graphical characters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:graph:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-graph-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-223"></a><a
name="index-graphic-characters-224"></a>Graphical characters:
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’ and
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:lower:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-lower-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-221"></a><a
name="index-lower_002dcase-letters-222"></a>Lower-case letters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:lower:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-lower-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-225"></a><a
name="index-lower_002dcase-letters-226"></a>Lower-case letters:
<code>a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z</code>.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:print:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-print-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-223"></a><a
name="index-printable-characters-224"></a>Printable characters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:print:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-print-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-227"></a><a
name="index-printable-characters-228"></a>Printable characters:
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:alnum:]</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’, and space.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-punct-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-225"></a><a
name="index-punctuation-characters-226"></a>Punctuation characters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:punct:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-punct-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-229"></a><a
name="index-punctuation-characters-230"></a>Punctuation characters:
<code>! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? @ [ \ ] ^ _ ` { | }
~</code>.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:space:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-space-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-227"></a><a
name="index-space-characters-228"></a><a
name="index-whitespace-characters-229"></a>Space characters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:space:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-space-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-231"></a><a
name="index-space-characters-232"></a><a
name="index-whitespace-characters-233"></a>Space characters:
tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and space.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-upper-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-230"></a><a
name="index-upper_002dcase-letters-231"></a>Upper-case letters:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:upper:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-upper-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-234"></a><a
name="index-upper_002dcase-letters-235"></a>Upper-case letters:
<code>A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</code>.
- <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:xdigit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-xdigit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-232"></a><a
name="index-xdigit-class-233"></a><a
name="index-hexadecimal-digits-234"></a>Hexadecimal digits:
+ <br><dt>‘<samp><span
class="samp">[:xdigit:]</span></samp>’<dd><a
name="index-xdigit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-236"></a><a
name="index-xdigit-class-237"></a><a
name="index-hexadecimal-digits-238"></a>Hexadecimal digits:
<code>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f</code>.
</dl>
@@ -1081,7 +1091,7 @@
<h3 class="section">3.3 The Backslash Character and Special Expressions</h3>
-<p><a name="index-backslash-235"></a>
+<p><a name="index-backslash-239"></a>
The ‘<samp><span class="samp">\</span></samp>’ character,
when followed by certain ordinary characters,
takes a special meaning:
@@ -1115,7 +1125,7 @@
<h3 class="section">3.4 Anchoring</h3>
-<p><a name="index-anchoring-236"></a>
+<p><a name="index-anchoring-240"></a>
The caret ‘<samp><span class="samp">^</span></samp>’ and the
dollar sign ‘<samp><span class="samp">$</span></samp>’ are
meta-characters that
respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line.
@@ -1131,7 +1141,7 @@
<h3 class="section">3.5 Back-references and Subexpressions</h3>
-<p><a name="index-subexpression-237"></a><a
name="index-back_002dreference-238"></a>
+<p><a name="index-subexpression-241"></a><a
name="index-back_002dreference-242"></a>
The back-reference ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\</span><var>n</var></samp>’, where <var>n</var> is a single
digit, matches
the substring previously matched by the <var>n</var>th parenthesized
subexpression
of the regular expression.
@@ -1154,13 +1164,13 @@
<h3 class="section">3.6 Basic vs Extended Regular Expressions</h3>
-<p><a name="index-basic-regular-expressions-239"></a>
+<p><a name="index-basic-regular-expressions-243"></a>
In basic regular expressions the meta-characters ‘<samp><span
class="samp">?</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">+</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">|</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">(</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span
class="samp">)</span></samp>’ lose their special meaning;
instead use the backslashed versions ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\?</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\+</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\{</span></samp>’,
‘<samp><span class="samp">\|</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\(</span></samp>’, and ‘<samp><span
class="samp">\)</span></samp>’.
- <p><a name="index-interval-specifications-240"></a>Traditional <samp><span
class="command">egrep</span></samp> did not support the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">{</span></samp>’ meta-character,
+ <p><a name="index-interval-specifications-244"></a>Traditional <samp><span
class="command">egrep</span></samp> did not support the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">{</span></samp>’ meta-character,
and some <samp><span class="command">egrep</span></samp> implementations
support ‘<samp><span class="samp">\{</span></samp>’ instead, so
portable scripts should avoid ‘<samp><span
class="samp">{</span></samp>’ in ‘<samp><span class="samp">grep
-E</span></samp>’ patterns and
should use ‘<samp><span class="samp">[{]</span></samp>’ to match a
literal ‘<samp><span class="samp">{</span></samp>’.
@@ -1185,7 +1195,7 @@
<h2 class="chapter">4 Usage</h2>
-<p><a name="index-usage_002c-examples-241"></a>Here is an example command that
invokes <span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp>:
+<p><a name="index-usage_002c-examples-245"></a>Here is an example command that
invokes <span class="sc">gnu</span> <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp>:
<pre class="example"> grep -i 'hello.*world' menu.h main.c
</pre>
@@ -1199,7 +1209,7 @@
See <a href="#Invoking">Invoking</a>, for more details about
how to invoke <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>.
- <p><a name="index-using-_0040command_007bgrep_007d_002c-Q_0026A-242"></a><a
name="index-FAQ-about-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-usage-243"></a>Here are some
common questions and answers about <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> usage.
+ <p><a name="index-using-_0040command_007bgrep_007d_002c-Q_0026A-246"></a><a
name="index-FAQ-about-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-usage-247"></a>Here are some
common questions and answers about <samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> usage.
<ol type=1 start=1>
@@ -1325,7 +1335,7 @@
<pre class="example"> cat /etc/passwd | grep 'alain' - /etc/motd
</pre>
- <li><a name="index-palindromes-244"></a>How to express palindromes in a
regular expression?
+ <li><a name="index-palindromes-248"></a>How to express palindromes in a
regular expression?
<p>It can be done by using back-references;
for example,
@@ -1380,7 +1390,7 @@
<h2 class="chapter">5 Reporting bugs</h2>
-<p><a name="index-bugs_002c-reporting-245"></a>Email bug reports to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>,
+<p><a name="index-bugs_002c-reporting-249"></a>Email bug reports to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>,
a mailing list whose web page is
<a
href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/bug-grep";>http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/bug-grep</a>.
The Savannah bug tracker for <samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> is
located at
@@ -1388,7 +1398,7 @@
<h3 class="section">5.1 Known Bugs</h3>
-<p><a name="index-Bugs_002c-known-246"></a>
+<p><a name="index-Bugs_002c-known-250"></a>
Large repetition counts in the ‘<samp><span
class="samp">{n,m}</span></samp>’ construct may cause
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> to use lots of memory.
In addition, certain other
@@ -1408,7 +1418,7 @@
<h2 class="chapter">6 Copying</h2>
-<p><a name="index-copying-247"></a>
+<p><a name="index-copying-251"></a>
GNU grep is licensed under the GNU GPL, which makes it <dfn>free
software</dfn>.
@@ -1448,7 +1458,8 @@
<!-- This file is intended to be included within another document, -->
<!-- hence no sectioning command or @node. -->
-<pre class="display"> Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.
+<pre class="display"> Copyright © 2000-2002, 2007-2008, 2010 Free
Software Foundation,
+ Inc.
<a href="http://fsf.org/";>http://fsf.org/</a>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
@@ -1920,67 +1931,68 @@
<h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>
<ul class="index-cp" compact>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002a-185"><code>*</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002b-188"><code>+</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002a-189"><code>*</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002b-192"><code>+</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dafter_002dcontext-77"><code>--after-context</code></a>:
<a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbasic_002dregexp-167"><code>--basic-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbasic_002dregexp-171"><code>--basic-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbefore_002dcontext-81"><code>--before-context</code></a>:
<a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbinary-120"><code>--binary</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbinary_002dfiles-92"><code>--binary-files</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbinary-124"><code>--binary</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbinary_002dfiles-96"><code>--binary-files</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dbyte_002doffset-53"><code>--byte-offset</code></a>:
<a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dcolor-30"><code>--color</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dcolour-31"><code>--colour</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dcontext-85"><code>--context</code></a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dcount-28"><code>--count</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddevices-95"><code>--devices</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddirectories-98"><code>--directories</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude-100"><code>--exclude</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002ddir-106"><code>--exclude-dir</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dfrom-103"><code>--exclude-from</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dextended_002dregexp-170"><code>--extended-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddevices-99"><code>--devices</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002ddirectories-102"><code>--directories</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude-104"><code>--exclude</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002ddir-110"><code>--exclude-dir</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dexclude_002dfrom-107"><code>--exclude-from</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dextended_002dregexp-174"><code>--extended-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfile-11"><code>--file</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfiles_002dwith_002dmatches-37"><code>--files-with-matches</code></a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfiles_002dwithout_002dmatch-34"><code>--files-without-match</code></a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfixed_002dstrings-173"><code>--fixed-strings</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dfixed_002dstrings-177"><code>--fixed-strings</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dgroup_002dseparator-88"><code>--group-separator</code></a>:
<a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dhelp-2"><code>--help</code></a>: <a
href="#Generic-Program-Information">Generic Program Information</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dignore_002dcase-15"><code>--ignore-case</code></a>:
<a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dinclude-108"><code>--include</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dinclude-112"><code>--include</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dinitial_002dtab-67"><code>--initial-tab</code></a>:
<a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dinvert_002dmatch-18"><code>--invert-match</code></a>:
<a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dlabel-61"><code>--label</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dline_002dbuffered-115"><code>--line-buffered</code></a>:
<a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dline_002dbuffered-119"><code>--line-buffered</code></a>:
<a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dline_002dnumber-64"><code>--line-number</code></a>:
<a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dline_002dregexp-25"><code>--line-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dmax_002dcount-40"><code>--max-count</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dmmap-117"><code>--mmap</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dmmap-121"><code>--mmap</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dfilename-59"><code>--no-filename</code></a>:
<a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dno_002dmessages-50"><code>--no-messages</code></a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dnull-74"><code>--null</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dnull_002ddata-124"><code>--null-data</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dnull_002ddata-128"><code>--null-data</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002donly_002dmatching-43"><code>--only-matching</code></a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dperl_002dregexp-176"><code>--perl-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dperl_002dregexp-180"><code>--perl-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dquiet-46"><code>--quiet</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002drecursive-112"><code>--recursive</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002drecursive-116"><code>--recursive</code></a>:
<a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dregexp_003d_0040var_007bpattern_007d-8"><code>--regexp=</code><var>pattern</var></a>:
<a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dsilent-47"><code>--silent</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dtext-89"><code>--text</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dtext-93"><code>--text</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dunix_002dbyte_002doffsets-70"><code>--unix-byte-offsets</code></a>:
<a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d_002dversion-5"><code>--version</code></a>: <a
href="#Generic-Program-Information">Generic Program Information</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dwith_002dfilename-56"><code>--with-filename</code></a>:
<a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_002dword_002dregexp-22"><code>--word-regexp</code></a>:
<a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002da-88"><code>-a</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002da-92"><code>-a</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dA-76"><code>-A</code></a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dB-80"><code>-B</code></a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002db-52"><code>-b</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dC-84"><code>-C</code></a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dc-27"><code>-c</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dd-97"><code>-d</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dD-94"><code>-D</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dE-169"><code>-E</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dd-101"><code>-d</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dD-98"><code>-D</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dE-173"><code>-E</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002de-7"><code>-e</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dF-172"><code>-F</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dF-176"><code>-F</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002df-10"><code>-f</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dG-166"><code>-G</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dG-170"><code>-G</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dh-58"><code>-h</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dH-55"><code>-H</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002di-13"><code>-i</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
@@ -1990,170 +2002,171 @@
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dn-63"><code>-n</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_002d_0040var_007bnum_007d-86"><code>-</code><var>num</var></a>:
<a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002do-42"><code>-o</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dP-175"><code>-P</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dP-179"><code>-P</code></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dq-45"><code>-q</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dr-111"><code>-r</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dr-115"><code>-r</code></a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002ds-49"><code>-s</code></a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dT-66"><code>-T</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dU-119"><code>-U</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dU-123"><code>-U</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002du-69"><code>-u</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dv-17"><code>-v</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dV-4"><code>-V</code></a>: <a
href="#Generic-Program-Information">Generic Program Information</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dw-21"><code>-w</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dx-24"><code>-x</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dy-14"><code>-y</code></a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dz-123"><code>-z</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dz-127"><code>-z</code></a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002dZ-73"><code>-Z</code></a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e-179"><code>.</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_003f-182"><code>?</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_005f_0040var_007bN_007d_005fGNU_005fnonoption_005fargv_005fflags_005f-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-161"><code>_</code><var>N</var><code>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e-183"><code>.</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_003f-186"><code>?</code></a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_005f_0040var_007bN_007d_005fGNU_005fnonoption_005fargv_005fflags_005f-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-165"><code>_</code><var>N</var><code>_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-after-context-78">after context</a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-alnum-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-208"><code>alnum
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-alpha-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-210"><code>alpha
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-alphabetic-characters-211">alphabetic characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-alphanumeric-characters-209">alphanumeric characters</a>:
<a href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and
Bracket Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-anchoring-236">anchoring</a>: <a
href="#Anchoring">Anchoring</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-asterisk-186">asterisk</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-back_002dreference-238">back-reference</a>: <a
href="#Back_002dreferences-and-Subexpressions">Back-references and
Subexpressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-backslash-235">backslash</a>: <a
href="#The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions">The Backslash Character
and Special Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-basic-regular-expressions-239">basic regular
expressions</a>: <a href="#Basic-vs-Extended">Basic vs Extended</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-alnum-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-212"><code>alnum
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-alpha-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-214"><code>alpha
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-alphabetic-characters-215">alphabetic characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-alphanumeric-characters-213">alphanumeric characters</a>:
<a href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and
Bracket Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-anchoring-240">anchoring</a>: <a
href="#Anchoring">Anchoring</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-asterisk-190">asterisk</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-back_002dreference-242">back-reference</a>: <a
href="#Back_002dreferences-and-Subexpressions">Back-references and
Subexpressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-backslash-239">backslash</a>: <a
href="#The-Backslash-Character-and-Special-Expressions">The Backslash Character
and Special Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-basic-regular-expressions-243">basic regular
expressions</a>: <a href="#Basic-vs-Extended">Basic vs Extended</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-before-context-82">before context</a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-binary-files-91">binary files</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-binary-files_002c-_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-122">binary
files, <span class="sc">ms-dos</span>/<span class="sc">ms</span>-Windows</a>:
<a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-blank-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-212"><code>blank
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-blank-characters-213">blank characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-bn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-141"><code>bn
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-first-argument-omitted-198">braces, first
argument omitted</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-one-argument-192">braces, one argument</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-second-argument-omitted-195">braces, second
argument omitted</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-two-arguments-201">braces, two arguments</a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-bracket-expression-203">bracket expression</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-Bugs_002c-known-246">Bugs, known</a>: <a
href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-bugs_002c-reporting-245">bugs, reporting</a>: <a
href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-binary-files-95">binary files</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-binary-files_002c-_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-126">binary
files, <span class="sc">ms-dos</span>/<span class="sc">ms</span>-Windows</a>:
<a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-blank-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-216"><code>blank
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-blank-characters-217">blank characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-bn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-145"><code>bn
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-first-argument-omitted-202">braces, first
argument omitted</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-one-argument-196">braces, one argument</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-second-argument-omitted-199">braces, second
argument omitted</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-braces_002c-two-arguments-205">braces, two arguments</a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-bracket-expression-207">bracket expression</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-Bugs_002c-known-250">Bugs, known</a>: <a
href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-bugs_002c-reporting-249">bugs, reporting</a>: <a
href="#Reporting-Bugs">Reporting Bugs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-byte-offset-54">byte offset</a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-byte-offsets_002c-on-_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-72">byte
offsets, on <span class="sc">ms-dos</span>/<span
class="sc">ms</span>-Windows</a>: <a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output
Line Prefix Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-case-insensitive-search-16">case insensitive search</a>:
<a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-changing-name-of-standard-input-62">changing name of
standard input</a>: <a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix
Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-character-class-204">character class</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-character-classes-207">character classes</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-character-type-147">character type</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-classes-of-characters-206">classes of characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-cntrl-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-214"><code>cntrl
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-character-class-208">character class</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-character-classes-211">character classes</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-character-type-151">character type</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-classes-of-characters-210">classes of characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-cntrl-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-218"><code>cntrl
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-context-87">context</a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-context-lines_002c-after-match-79">context lines, after
match</a>: <a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-context-lines_002c-before-match-83">context lines, before
match</a>: <a href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-control-characters-215">control characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-copying-247">copying</a>: <a
href="#Copying">Copying</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-control-characters-219">control characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-copying-251">copying</a>: <a
href="#Copying">Copying</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-counting-lines-29">counting lines</a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-cx-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-134"><code>cx
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-default-options-environment-variable-128">default options
environment variable</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment
Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-device-search-96">device search</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-digit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-216"><code>digit
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-digit-characters-217">digit characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-directory-search-99">directory search</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-dot-180">dot</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-environment-variables-126">environment variables</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-exclude-directories-107">exclude directories</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-exclude-files-101">exclude files</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-exit-status-162">exit status</a>: <a
href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-FAQ-about-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-usage-243">FAQ about
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> usage</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-cx-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-138"><code>cx
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-default-options-environment-variable-132">default options
environment variable</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment
Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-device-search-100">device search</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-digit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-220"><code>digit
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-digit-characters-221">digit characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-directory-search-103">directory search</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-dot-184">dot</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-environment-variables-130">environment variables</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-exclude-directories-111">exclude directories</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-exclude-files-105">exclude files</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-exit-status-166">exit status</a>: <a
href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-FAQ-about-_0040command_007bgrep_007d-usage-247">FAQ about
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp> usage</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-files-which-don_0027t-match-35">files which don't
match</a>: <a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-139"><code>fn
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-graph-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-219"><code>graph
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-graphic-characters-220">graphic characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bgrep_007d-programs-164"><samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> programs</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep
Programs</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fCOLOR-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-129"><code>GREP_COLOR
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-131"><code>GREP_COLORS
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fOPTIONS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-127"><code>GREP_OPTIONS
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-hexadecimal-digits-234">hexadecimal digits</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-highlight-markers-130">highlight markers</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-fn-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-143"><code>fn
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-graph-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-223"><code>graph
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-graphic-characters-224">graphic characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040command_007bgrep_007d-programs-168"><samp><span
class="command">grep</span></samp> programs</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep
Programs</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fCOLOR-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-133"><code>GREP_COLOR
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-135"><code>GREP_COLORS
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-GREP_005fOPTIONS-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-131"><code>GREP_OPTIONS
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-group-separator-89">group separator</a>: <a
href="#Context-Line-Control">Context Line Control</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-hexadecimal-digits-238">hexadecimal digits</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-highlight-markers-134">highlight markers</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-highlight_002c-color_002c-colour-32">highlight, color,
colour</a>: <a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-include-files-109">include files</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-interval-specifications-240">interval specifications</a>:
<a href="#Basic-vs-Extended">Basic vs Extended</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-include-files-113">include files</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-interval-specifications-244">interval specifications</a>:
<a href="#Basic-vs-Extended">Basic vs Extended</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-invert-matching-19">invert matching</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-146"><code>LANG
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-language-of-messages-156">language of messages</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-144"><code>LC_ALL
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-145"><code>LC_COLLATE
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-151"><code>LC_CTYPE
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-154"><code>LC_MESSAGES
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-line-buffering-116">line buffering</a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-LANG-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-150"><code>LANG
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-language-of-messages-160">language of messages</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fALL-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-148"><code>LC_ALL
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fCOLLATE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-149"><code>LC_COLLATE
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fCTYPE-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-155"><code>LC_CTYPE
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-LC_005fMESSAGES-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-158"><code>LC_MESSAGES
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-line-buffering-120">line buffering</a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-line-numbering-65">line numbering</a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-ln-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-140"><code>ln
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-lower-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-221"><code>lower
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-lower_002dcase-letters-222">lower-case letters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-at-most-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-199">match
expression at most <var>m</var> times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-match-expression-at-most-once-184">match expression at
most once</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-from-_0040var_007bn_007d-to-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-202">match
expression from <var>n</var> to <var>m</var> times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-or-more-times-196">match
expression <var>n</var> or more times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-times-193">match
expression <var>n</var> times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-match-expression-one-or-more-times-190">match expression
one or more times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-match-expression-zero-or-more-times-187">match expression
zero or more times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-ln-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-144"><code>ln
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-lower-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-225"><code>lower
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-lower_002dcase-letters-226">lower-case letters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-at-most-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-203">match
expression at most <var>m</var> times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-match-expression-at-most-once-188">match expression at
most once</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-from-_0040var_007bn_007d-to-_0040var_007bm_007d-times-206">match
expression from <var>n</var> to <var>m</var> times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-or-more-times-200">match
expression <var>n</var> or more times</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-match-expression-_0040var_007bn_007d-times-197">match
expression <var>n</var> times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-match-expression-one-or-more-times-194">match expression
one or more times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-match-expression-zero-or-more-times-191">match expression
zero or more times</a>: <a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental
Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-match-the-whole-line-26">match the whole line</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-matching-basic-regular-expressions-168">matching basic
regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-matching-extended-regular-expressions-171">matching
extended regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep
Programs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-matching-fixed-strings-174">matching fixed strings</a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-matching-Perl-regular-expressions-177">matching Perl
regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-matching-basic-regular-expressions-172">matching basic
regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-matching-extended-regular-expressions-175">matching
extended regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep
Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-matching-fixed-strings-178">matching fixed strings</a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-matching-Perl-regular-expressions-181">matching Perl
regular expressions</a>: <a href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-matching-whole-words-23">matching whole words</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-max_002dcount-41">max-count</a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-mc-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-138"><code>mc
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-memory-mapped-input-118">memory mapped input</a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-message-language-157">message language</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-ms-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-137"><code>ms
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-binary-files-121"><span
class="sc">ms-dos</span>/<span class="sc">ms</span>-Windows binary files</a>:
<a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-mc-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-142"><code>mc
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-memory-mapped-input-122">memory mapped input</a>: <a
href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-message-language-161">message language</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-ms-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-141"><code>ms
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-binary-files-125"><span
class="sc">ms-dos</span>/<span class="sc">ms</span>-Windows binary files</a>:
<a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040sc_007bms_002ddos_007d_002f_0040sc_007bms_007d_002dWindows-byte-offsets-71"><span
class="sc">ms-dos</span>/<span class="sc">ms</span>-Windows byte offsets</a>:
<a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-mt-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-136"><code>mt
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-mt-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-140"><code>mt
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-names-of-matching-files-38">names of matching files</a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-national-language-support-148">national language
support</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-ne-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-143"><code>ne
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-NLS-149">NLS</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-national-language-support-152">national language
support</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-ne-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-147"><code>ne
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-NLS-153">NLS</a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-no-filename-prefix-60">no filename prefix</a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-numeric-characters-218">numeric characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-numeric-characters-222">numeric characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-only-matching-44">only matching</a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-palindromes-244">palindromes</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-palindromes-248">palindromes</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pattern-from-file-12">pattern from file</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pattern-list-9">pattern list</a>: <a
href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-period-181">period</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-plus-sign-189">plus sign</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-160"><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-print-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-223"><code>print
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-period-185">period</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-plus-sign-193">plus sign</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-POSIXLY_005fCORRECT-_0040r_007benvironment-variable_007d-164"><code>POSIXLY_CORRECT
</code><span class="roman">environment variable</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-print-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-227"><code>print
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-print-non_002dmatching-lines-20">print non-matching
lines</a>: <a href="#Matching-Control">Matching Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-printable-characters-224">printable characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-punct-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-225"><code>punct
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-punctuation-characters-226">punctuation characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-question-mark-183">question mark</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-printable-characters-228">printable characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-punct-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-229"><code>punct
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-punctuation-characters-230">punctuation characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-question-mark-187">question mark</a>: <a
href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quiet_002c-silent-48">quiet, silent</a>: <a
href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-range-expression-205">range expression</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-recursive-search-113">recursive search</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-regular-expressions-178">regular expressions</a>: <a
href="#Regular-Expressions">Regular Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-return-status-163">return status</a>: <a
href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-rv-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-135"><code>rv
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-searching-directory-trees-102">searching directory
trees</a>: <a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory
Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-range-expression-209">range expression</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-recursive-search-117">recursive search</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-regular-expressions-182">regular expressions</a>: <a
href="#Regular-Expressions">Regular Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-return-status-167">return status</a>: <a
href="#Exit-Status">Exit Status</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-rv-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-139"><code>rv
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-searching-directory-trees-106">searching directory
trees</a>: <a href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory
Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searching-for-a-pattern-1">searching for a pattern</a>: <a
href="#Introduction">Introduction</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-sl-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-133"><code>sl
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-space-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-227"><code>space
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-space-characters-228">space characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-subexpression-237">subexpression</a>: <a
href="#Back_002dreferences-and-Subexpressions">Back-references and
Subexpressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-suppress-binary-data-90">suppress binary data</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-sl-GREP_005fCOLORS-_0040r_007bcapability_007d-137"><code>sl
GREP_COLORS </code><span class="roman">capability</span></a>: <a
href="#Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-space-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-231"><code>space
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-space-characters-232">space characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-subexpression-241">subexpression</a>: <a
href="#Back_002dreferences-and-Subexpressions">Back-references and
Subexpressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-suppress-binary-data-94">suppress binary data</a>: <a
href="#File-and-Directory-Selection">File and Directory Selection</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-suppress-error-messages-51">suppress error messages</a>:
<a href="#General-Output-Control">General Output Control</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tab_002daligned-content-lines-68">tab-aligned content
lines</a>: <a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix
Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-translation-of-message-language-159">translation of
message language</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment
Variables</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-upper-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-230"><code>upper
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-upper_002dcase-letters-231">upper-case letters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-translation-of-message-language-163">translation of
message language</a>: <a href="#Environment-Variables">Environment
Variables</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-upper-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-234"><code>upper
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-upper_002dcase-letters-235">upper-case letters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-usage-summary_002c-printing-3">usage summary,
printing</a>: <a href="#Generic-Program-Information">Generic Program
Information</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-usage_002c-examples-241">usage, examples</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-using-_0040command_007bgrep_007d_002c-Q_0026A-242">using
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>, Q&A</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-variants-of-_0040command_007bgerp_007d-165">variants of
<samp><span class="command">gerp</span></samp></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-usage_002c-examples-245">usage, examples</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-using-_0040command_007bgrep_007d_002c-Q_0026A-246">using
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>, Q&A</a>: <a
href="#Usage">Usage</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-variants-of-_0040command_007bgerp_007d-169">variants of
<samp><span class="command">gerp</span></samp></a>: <a
href="#grep-Programs">grep Programs</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-version_002c-printing-6">version, printing</a>: <a
href="#Generic-Program-Information">Generic Program Information</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-whitespace-characters-229">whitespace characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-whitespace-characters-233">whitespace characters</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-with-filename-prefix-57">with filename prefix</a>: <a
href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-xdigit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-232"><code>xdigit
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-xdigit-class-233">xdigit class</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-xdigit-_0040r_007bcharacter-class_007d-236"><code>xdigit
</code><span class="roman">character class</span></a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-xdigit-class-237">xdigit class</a>: <a
href="#Character-Classes-and-Bracket-Expressions">Character Classes and Bracket
Expressions</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-zero_002dterminated-file-names-75">zero-terminated file
names</a>: <a href="#Output-Line-Prefix-Control">Output Line Prefix
Control</a></li>
-<li><a href="#index-zero_002dterminated-lines-125">zero-terminated lines</a>:
<a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-197"><code>{,</code><var>m</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-200"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>,</code><var>m</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040_007d-194"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>,}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
-<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_0040_007d-191"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a href="#index-zero_002dterminated-lines-129">zero-terminated lines</a>:
<a href="#Other-Options">Other Options</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-201"><code>{,</code><var>m</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040var_007bm_007d_0040_007d-204"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>,</code><var>m</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_002c_0040_007d-198"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>,}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
+<li><a
href="#index-g_t_0040_007b_0040var_007bn_007d_0040_007d-195"><code>{</code><var>n</var><code>}</code></a>:
<a href="#Fundamental-Structure">Fundamental Structure</a></li>
</ul></body></html>
- Changes to grep/manual/grep.html,v,
Jim Meyering <=