clear i N = 10; A = rand(N)+i*rand(N); expmA = expm(A); I = eye(N); disp('phi1m') ref = A\(expmA-I); norm(phi1m(A)-ref)/norm(ref) disp('phi2m') A2 = A^2; ref = A2\(expmA-I-A); norm(phi2m(A)-ref)/norm(ref) disp('phi3m') A3 = A2*A; ref = A3\(expmA-I-A-A2/2); norm(phi3m(A)-ref)/norm(ref) disp('phi4m') ref = (A2*A^2)\(expmA-I-A-A2/2-A3/6); norm(phi4m(A)-ref)/norm(ref)