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www/gnu po/linux-and-gnu.translist linux-and-gn...
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From: |
Ineiev |
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Subject: |
www/gnu po/linux-and-gnu.translist linux-and-gn... |
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Date: |
Mon, 15 Jan 2024 05:40:34 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Ineiev <ineiev> 24/01/15 05:40:34
Modified files:
gnu/po : linux-and-gnu.translist
Removed files:
gnu : linux-and-gnu.de.html
gnu/po : linux-and-gnu.de-diff.html
linux-and-gnu.de-en.html linux-and-gnu.de.po
Log message:
Remove unmaintained translation, RT #2010000.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.42&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.de-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=0
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.51&r2=0
Patches:
Index: po/linux-and-gnu.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- po/linux-and-gnu.translist 23 Nov 2021 10:05:24 -0000 1.22
+++ po/linux-and-gnu.translist 15 Jan 2024 10:40:34 -0000 1.23
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
<span dir="ltr">[bg] <a lang="bg" hreflang="bg"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html">бÑлгаÑÑки</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[ca] <a lang="ca" hreflang="ca"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html">català </a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[cs] <a lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html">ÄeÅ¡tina</a> </span>
-<span dir="ltr">[de] <a lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.de.html">Deutsch</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[el] <a lang="el" hreflang="el"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.el.html">ελληνικά</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[es] <a lang="es" hreflang="es"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html">español</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[fa] <a lang="fa" hreflang="fa"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html">ÙارسÛ</a> </span>
@@ -38,7 +37,6 @@
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="bg" hreflang="bg"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.bg.html" title="бÑлгаÑÑки" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ca" hreflang="ca"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html" title="català " />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.cs.html" title="ÄeÅ¡tina" />
-<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.de.html" title="Deutsch" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="el" hreflang="el"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.el.html" title="ελληνικά" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="es" hreflang="es"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html" title="español" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fa" hreflang="fa"
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fa.html" title="ÙارسÛ" />
Index: linux-and-gnu.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: linux-and-gnu.de.html
diff -N linux-and-gnu.de.html
--- linux-and-gnu.de.html 30 Dec 2019 12:08:29 -0000 1.42
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,363 +0,0 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.de.po">
- https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.de.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.de-diff.html"
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2019-03-01" -->
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
-
-<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Das GNU-System und Linux - GNU-Projekt - Free Software
Foundation</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content=" " />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content=" " />
-
-<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
-<h2>Das GNU-System und Linux</h2>
-
-<p>von <strong><a href="//www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></strong></p>
-
-<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>Siehe auch <cite><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq">GNU/Linux:
Häufig gestellte
-Fragen</a></cite> und <cite><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux">GNU/Linux. Ist der
-Name Schall und Rauch?</a></cite> für weitere Informationen.</p>
- </blockquote>
-</div>
-
-<p>
-Viele Rechnernutzer führen tagtäglich eine modifizierte Version des <a
-href="/philosophy/categories#TheGNUsystem">GNU-Systems</a>
-aus ‑ ohne es zu wissen. Durch eine befremdende Wendung der
-Ereignisse wird dieses <ins>System</ins> ‑ das heute weit
-verbreitet ist ‑ oft <ins>unzutreffend</ins>
-<em>âLinuxâ</em> genannt, und viele Nutzer sind sich dessen <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu">nicht bewusst</a>, dass es im
-Grunde das GNU-System ist, entwickelt durch das <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-history">GNU-Projekt</a>.</p>
-
-<p>
-Es gibt wahrhaft ein Linux, und diese Menschen benutzen es, aber es ist nur
-ein Teil des Systems, das sie benutzen. Linux ist der Betriebssystemkern:
-das Programm im System, das die Ressourcen des Systems an die anderen
-Programme zuteilt. Der Systemkern ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil eines
-Betriebssystems, für sich genommen aber nutzlos; er kann nur im Kontext mit
-einem kompletten Betriebssystem funktionieren. Linux wird üblicherweise in
-Kombination mit dem GNU-Betriebssystem genutzt: das ganze System ist
-grundsätzlich GNU mit hinzugefügtem Linux ‑ oder
-GNU/Linux. All die sogenannten âLinuxâ-Distributionen sind tatsächlich
-GNU/Linux-Distributionen.</p>
-
-<p>
-Viele Benutzer verstehen den Unterschied zwischen dem Systemkern, der Linux
-ist, und dem Gesamtsystem, den sie auch âLinuxâ nennen, nicht. Der
-mehrdeutige Gebrauch des Namens trägt nicht zum Verständnis bei. Diese
-Benutzer denken oftmals, dass Linus Torvalds das gesamte Betriebssystem 1991
-mit ein bisschen Hilfe entwickelte.</p>
-
-<p>
-Programmierer wissen für gewöhnlich, dass Linux ein Systemkern ist. Da sie
-aber im Allgemeinen ebenso selbstverständlich âLinuxâ als Gesamtsystem
-gehört haben, stellen sie sich oft eine Geschichte vor, die die Benennung
-des Gesamtsystems nach dem Systemkern rechtfertigen würde. Beispielsweise
-sind viele davon überzeugt, dass, sobald Linus Torvalds das Schreiben an
-Linux, dem Systemkern, abschlieÃen würde, sich seine Nutzer nach anderer
-freier Software umgucken würden, um dann diese weiter zu nutzen, und fanden
-heraus, dass (aus keinem besonderen Grund) fast alles für ein unixoides
-System Notwendige bereits vorhanden war.</p>
-
-<p>
-Was sie vorfanden war kein Zufall ‑ es war das (noch
-unvollständige) GNU-System. Die verfügbare <cite><a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw">Freie Software</a></cite> trug zu einem
-Komplettsystem bei, weil das GNU-Projekt seit 1984 an einem gearbeitet
-hatte. Im <cite><a href="/gnu/manifesto">GNU-Manifest</a></cite> erklärten
-wir das Ziel, ein freies, unixoides System namens GNU<a href="#tn1"
-id="tn1-ref" class="tnote">[1]</a> zu entwickeln. Die <a
-href="/gnu/initial-announcement">ursprüngliche Ankündigung</a> des
-GNU-Projekts umreiÃt auch einige der ursprünglichen Pläne für das
-GNU-System. Als mit Linux begonnen wurde, war GNU fast fertig.</p>
-
-<p>
-Die meisten Freie-Software-Projekte haben das Ziel, ein bestimmtes Programm
-für eine bestimmte Aufgabe zu entwickeln. Beispielsweise hat sich Linus
-Torvalds vorgenommen, einen unixoiden Systemkern (Linux) zu schreiben,
-Donald Knuth ein Textsatzprogramm (TeX) und Bob Scheifler ein Fenstersystem
-(das <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">X Window System</span>). Es ist nur
-natürlich, den Beitrag dieser Art von Projekt an bestimmten Programmen zu
-messen, die daraus stammen.</p>
-
-<p>
-Zu welchem Schluss würden wir bei dem Versuch kommen, den Beitrag des
-GNU-Projekts danach zu messen? Ein CD-ROM-Anbieter fand heraus, dass in
-deren âLinux-Distributionâ <a
-href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU-Software</a> mit etwa
-28 % der gröÃte einzelne Anteil des gesamten Quellcodes war. Und das
-schloss einige der unverzichtbaren Hauptkomponenten, ohne die es überhaupt
-kein System geben würde, ein. Linux selbst machte ungefähr 3 % aus
-(2008 sind die Anteile ähnlich: im <em>Haupt</em>-Projektarchiv von
-gNewSense Linux 1,5 % und GNU-Pakete 15 %). Wenn man also vor
-hätte einen Namen für das System basierend darauf auszuwählen, wer die
-Programme im System geschrieben hat, wäre die entsprechende einzige Antwort
-<em>GNU</em>.</p>
-
-<p>
-Aber das ist nicht der richtige Weg die Angelegenheit zu beurteilen. Das
-GNU-Projekt war und ist kein Projekt, bestimmte Softwarepakete zu
-entwickeln. Es war kein Projekt, <a href="/software/gcc/">einen C-Compiler
-zu entwickeln</a>, obgleich wir das taten. Es war kein Projekt, einen
-Texteditor zu entwickeln, obgleich wir einen entwickelten. Das GNU-Projekt
-hat sich vorgenommen, <em>ein vollständig freies unixoides System</em> zu
-entwickeln: GNU.</p>
-
-<p>
-Viele haben maÃgebliche Beiträge zu der freien Software im System geleistet,
-und sie alle verdienen Anerkennung für ihre Software. Aber der Grund,
-weshalb es <em>ein integriertes System</em> ‑ und nicht nur
-eine Sammlung nützlicher Programme ‑ ist, ist der, weil sich
-das GNU-Projekt vorgenommen hat, es zu einem zu machen. Wir fertigten eine
-Liste der benötigten Programme an, um ein <em>vollständiges</em> freies
-System zu entwickeln, und systematisch fanden, schrieben oder fanden wir
-Personen, alles auf die Liste zu schreiben. Wir schrieben wesentliche, aber
-wenig aufregende Komponenten<a href="#unexciting" id="unexciting-ref"
-class="fnote">(1)</a>, da man ohne sie kein System haben kann. Einige
-unserer Systemkomponenten, die Programmierwerkzeuge, wurden unter
-Programmierern eigenständig populär, aber wir schrieben auch viele
-Komponenten, die keine Werkzeuge<a href="#nottools" id="nottools-ref"
-class="fnote">(2)</a> sind. Wir entwickelten sogar ein Schachspiel, GNU
-Chess, weil ein Gesamtsystem auch Spiele braucht.</p>
-
-<p>
-Anfang der 90er hatten wir das gesamte System, abgesehen vom Systemkern,
-zusammengestellt. Wir arbeiteten ebenfalls an einem Systemkern, dem <a
-href="/software/hurd/">GNU Hurd</a>, der auf Mach aufsetzt. Die Entwicklung
-dieses Systemkerns ist sehr viel schwieriger gewesen als wir angenommen
-hatten. <a href="/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux">GNU Hurd begann zwar 2001
-zuverlässig zu arbeiten</a>, aber ist weit davon entfernt, allgemein
-benutzbar zu sein.</p>
-
-<p>
-Glücklicherweise mussten wir wegen Linux nicht auf Hurd warten. Nachdem
-Torvalds im Jahr 1992 Linux freigegebenen hatte, füllte es die letzte groÃe
-Lücke im GNU-System. Man konnte dann das <a
-href="//ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"
-title="Notes for linux release 0.01, unter: http://ftp.funet.fi.";>GNU-System
-mit Linux kombinieren</a>, um ein vollständig freies System zu
-erhalten ‑ eine Variante des GNU-Systems, das auch Linux
-enthielt. Mit anderen Worten: das GNU/Linux-System.</p>
-
-<p>
-Damit sie gut zusammenarbeiten, war keine triviale Aufgabe. Einige
-GNU-Komponenten<a href="#somecomponents" id="somecomponents-ref"
-class="fnote">(3)</a> benötigten eine wesentliche Ãnderung, um mit Linux zu
-funktionieren. Die Integration eines kompletten Systems zu einer
-Distribution, die <em>sofort einsatzbereit</em> sein würde, war ebenfalls
-eine groÃe Aufgabe. Es musste die Frage gelöst werden, wie man das System
-installiert und startet ‑ ein Problem, dass wir noch nicht
-angepackt hatten, weil wir diesen Punkt noch nicht erreicht hatten. Daher
-leisteten die Personen, die verschiedene Systemdistributionen entwickelt
-haben, sehr viel maÃgebliche Arbeit. Aber es war Arbeit,
-die ‑ in der Natur der Sache ‑ sicher war,
-von jemand erledigt zu werden.</p>
-
-<p>
-Das GNU-Projekt unterstützt sowohl GNU-Systeme mit Linux, GNU/Linux, als
-auch <em>das</em> GNU-System. Die <a href="//fsf.org/" xml:lang="en"
-lang="en">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) unterstützte die Ãberarbeitung
-der Linux-bedingten Erweiterungen zur GNU C-Bibliothek finanziell, sodass
-diese nun gut integriert und die neuesten GNU/Linux-Systeme die aktuelle
-Freigabe der Bibliothek unverändert nutzen können. Die FSF unterstützte auch
-ein frühes Entwicklungsstadium von Debian GNU/Linux finanziell.</p>
-
-<p>
-Gegenwärtig gibt es viele verschiedene Varianten des GNU/Linux-Systems
-(vielfach <em>Distributionen</em> genannt). Die meisten enthalten unfreie
-Software ‑ deren Entwickler eher der mit <em>âLinuxâ</em>
-anstatt der von <em>GNU</em> verbundenen Philosophie folgen. Aber es gibt
-auch <a href="/distros/">völlig freie GNU/Linux-Distributionen</a>. Die FSF
-unterstützt <a href="//gnewsense.org/"
-title="http://gnewsense.org/";>gNewSense</a> mit EDV-FaÂziÂliÂtäten.</p>
-
-<p>Eine freie GNU/Linux-Distribution ist nicht nur eine Frage der Beseitigung
-verschiedener unfreier Programme. Heutzutage enthält die übliche Version von
-Linux auch unfreie Programme. Diese Programme sollen beim Start des Systems
-in Ein-/Ausgabegeräte geladen werden und sind als lange Zahlenreihen im
-âQuellcodeâ von Linux enthalten. Somit beinhaltet die Pflege freier
-GNU/Linux-Distributionen nun ebenfalls die Pflege einer <a
-href="//directory.fsf.org/project/linux-libre">freien Variante von
-Linux</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Ob Sie GNU/Linux benutzen oder nicht, bitte irritieren Sie die
-Ãffentlichkeit nicht durch doppeldeutigen Gebrauch des Namens âLinuxâ.
Linux
-ist der Betriebssystemkern, einer der unbedingt erforderlichen
-Hauptkomponenten des Systems. Das System als Ganzes ist grundsätzlich das
-GNU-System mit hinzugefügtem Linux. Wenn Sie über diese Kombination
-sprechen, nennen Sie es bitte <i><b>GNU/Linux</b></i>.</p>
-
-<p>
-Möchten Sie zu Referenzzwecken einen Verweis auf <em>GNU/Linux</em> anlegen,
-ist sowohl dieses Dokument als auch <a
-href="/gnu/the-gnu-project">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a>
-eine gute Wahl. Möchten Sie <em>Linux</em>, den Betriebssystemkern, erwähnen
-und einen Verweis für weitere Referenz hinzufügen, ist <a
-href="//foldoc.org/linux">http://foldoc.org/linux</a> eine gute Adresse.</p>
-
-<h3>Nachtrag</h3>
-
-<p>
-Abgesehen von GNU hat ein anderes Projekt unabhängig ein freies unixoides
-Betriebssystem hergestellt. Dieses System ist als BSD bekannt und wurde an
-der <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">University of California, Berkeley</span>,
-entwickelt. In den 80ern war es unfrei, wurde aber Anfang der 90er frei. Ein
-gegenwärtig existierendes freies Betriebssystem<a href="#newersystems"
-id="newersystems-ref" class="fnote">(4)</a> ist höchstwahrscheinlich
-entweder eine Variante des GNU-Systems oder eine Art von BSD-System.</p>
-
-<p>
-Manchmal wird angefragt, ob BSD auch eine Variante von GNU sei, wie
-GNU/Linux. Die BSD-Entwickler wurden angeregt, ihren Quellcode am Beispiel
-des GNU-Projekts zu Freie Software zu machen, und nachdrückliche Appelle von
-GNU-Aktivisten halfen sie zu überzeugen, aber der Quellcode hatte kaum
-Ãberschneidungen mit GNU. BSD-Systeme nutzen heute einige GNU-Programme wie
-das GNU-System und seine Varianten ebenso einige BSD-Programme
-nutzen. Allerdings, als Ganzes betrachtet, sind sie zwei verschiedene
-Systeme, die separat entwickelt wurden. Die BSD-Entwickler schrieben keinen
-Systemkern und fügten diesen dem GNU-System hinzu, daher würde ein Name wie
-GNU/BSD der Situation<a href="#gnubsd" id="gnubsd-ref" class="fnote">(5)</a>
-nicht gerecht werden.</p>
-
-<h3>Anmerkungen:</h3>
-<ol>
-<li>
-<a id="unexciting" href="#unexciting-ref">â</a> Diese wenig aufregenden aber
-wesentlichen Komponenten umfassen den <b>GNU Assembler</b> (GAS) und den
-<b>GNU Linker</b> (GLD), beide nun Teil der <b><a
-href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binary Utilities</a></b>, <b><a
-href="/software/tar/">GNU Tar</a></b> und vielen weiteren Paketen.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="nottools" href="#nottools-ref">â</a> Beispielsweise sind die <b><a
-href="/software/bash/">Bourne Again SHell</a></b> (BASH), der PostScript
-Interpreter <b><a href="/software/ghostscript/">Ghostscript</a></b> und die
-<b><a href="/software/libc/">C</a></b>-Bibliothek keine
-Programmierwerkzeuge. Auch <b>GnuCash</b>, <b>Gnome</b> und <b>Chess</b>
-nicht.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="somecomponents" href="#somecomponents-ref">â</a> Beispielsweise die
-<b><a href="/software/libc/">C</a></b>-Bibliothek.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="newersystems" href="#newersystems-ref">â</a> Seitdem dieser Text
-verfasst wurde, ist ein nahezu-freies, Windows-ähnliches System entwickelt
-worden, aber technisch ist es überhaupt nicht GNU oder Unix ähnlich, so dass
-es nicht wirklich Einfluss auf dieses Anliegen hat. Der GroÃteil des
-Solaris-Systemkerns wurde unter einer freien Lizenz lizenziert, aber würde
-man daraus ein freies System machen wollen, abgesehen von der Ersetzung der
-fehlenden Teile des Systemkerns, würde man es auch bei GNU oder BSD machen
-müssen.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="gnubsd" href="#gnubsd-ref">â</a> Auf der anderen Seite wurde in den
-Jahren seit dieser Artikel verfasst wurde, die GNU C-Bibliothek auf mehrere
-Versionen des BSD-Systemkerns portiert, was es einfach machte, das
-GNU-System mit diesem zu kombinieren. Ebenso wie GNU/Linux sind diese in der
-Tat Varianten von GNU und werden daher beispielsweise GNU/kFreeBSD und
-GNU/kNetBSD, abhängig vom Systemkern des Systems, genannt. Gewöhnliche
-Benutzer mit typischen Arbeitsoberflächen können zwischen GNU/Linux und
-GNU/*BSD kaum unterscheiden.</li>
-
-</ol>
-
-<div class="translators-notes">
-
-<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
- <p><strong>Anmerkungen des Ãbersetzungsteams:</strong></p>
-<ol id="transnote">
- <li id="tn1"><a href="#tn1-ref">[*]</a> Der Name <i>GNU</i> ist ein
-rekursives Akronym für <i><b>G</b>NUâs <b>N</b>ot <b>U</b>nix</i> (âGNU
ist
-nicht Unixâ).</li>
-</ol></div>
-</div>
-
-<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.de.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
-<div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Bitte senden Sie allgemeine Fragen zur FSF & GNU an <a
-href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><gnu@gnu.org></a>. Sie können auch die <a
-href="/contact/"><span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Free Software
-Foundation</span> kontaktieren</a>. Ungültige Verweise und andere
-Korrekturen oder Vorschläge können an <a
-href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";><webmasters@gnu.org></a> gesendet
-werden.</p>
-
-<p>
-<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
- replace it with the translation of these two:
-
- We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
- translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
- Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
- to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
-
- <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
-
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
- our web pages, see <a
- href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. -->
-Bei der Ãbersetzung dieses Werkes wurde mit gröÃter Sorgfalt
-vorgegangen. Trotzdem können Fehler nicht völlig ausgeschlossen
-werden. Sollten Sie Fehler bemerken oder Vorschläge, Kommentare oder Fragen
-zu diesem Dokument haben, wenden Sie sich bitte an unser Ãbersetzungsteam <a
-href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org?cc=www-de-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
-<p>Weitere Informationen über die Koordinierung und Einsendung von
-Ãbersetzungen unserer Internetpräsenz finden Sie in der <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations">LIESMICH für
Ãbersetzungen</a>.</p>
-</div>
-
-<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
- files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
- without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
- document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
- document was modified, or published.
-
- If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
- Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
- years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
- year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
- being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
-
- There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017 Richard Stallman.</p>
-
-<p>Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer <a rel="license"
-href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons
-Namensnennung-Keine Bearbeitung 4.0 International</a>-Lizenz.</p>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.de.html" -->
-<div class="translators-credits">
-
-<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-<strong>Ãbersetzung:</strong> Richard Steuer, 2002. Jоегg Kоhпе <a
-href="//savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-de"><www-de></a>, 2013, 2014,
-2016, 2017.</div>
-
-<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
-Letzte Ãnderung:
-
-$Date: 2019/12/30 12:08:29 $
-
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
Index: po/linux-and-gnu.de-diff.html
===================================================================
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diff -N po/linux-and-gnu.de-diff.html
--- po/linux-and-gnu.de-diff.html 2 Nov 2021 14:41:53 -0000 1.9
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,374 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-<title>/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html-diff</title>
-<style type="text/css">
-span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
-span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
-</style></head>
-<body><pre>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.84</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.96 -->
-<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
-<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" -->
-<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
-<title>Linux and GNU
-- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><style type="text/css"
media="print,screen"><!--
-a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
---></style></em></ins></span>
-<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
-<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
-<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="article reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
-<h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2>
-
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong><p><strong>by</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><address
class="byline">by</em></ins></span> <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
-
-<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>For more information see also
-the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
-and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
- </blockquote>
-</div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></address></em></ins></span>
-
-<p>
-Many computer users run a modified version of
-<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU
system</a>
-every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events,
-the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>“Linux”,</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“Linux,”</em></ins></span> and
many of its users
-are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a>
-that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
-<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="announcement comment"
role="complementary">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<p>For more information see also
-the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
-and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
-<hr class="no-display" />
-</div></em></ins></span>
-
-<p>
-There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
-a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in
-the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other
-programs that you run. The kernel is an essential part of an
-operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the
-context of a complete operating system. Linux is normally used in
-combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is
-basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-called
-“Linux” distributions are really distributions of
-GNU/Linux.</p>
-
-<p>
-Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
-is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>“Linux”.</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“Linux.”</em></ins></span> The
ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
-people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds
-developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
-
-<p>
-Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they
-have generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they
-often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
-after the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
-finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
-free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
-most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
-available.</p>
-
-<p>
-What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU
-system. The available <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
-software</a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
-had been working since 1984 to make one. In
-the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"> GNU Manifesto</a> we set forth
-the goal of developing a free Unix-like
-system, called GNU. The <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">
-Initial Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
-original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU
-was almost finished.</p>
-
-<p>
-Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
-program for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
-write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
-formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
-X Window System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
-kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.</p>
-
-<p>
-If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
-what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>distribution”,</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>distribution,”</em></ins></span> <a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
-software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
-total source code, and this included some of the essential major
-components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
-about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main”
-repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
-So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
-who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
-choice would be <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“GNU”.</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“GNU.”</p></em></ins></span>
-
-<p>
-But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU
-Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software
-packages. It was not a project <a href="/software/gcc/"> to
-develop a C compiler</a>, although we did that. It was not a project
-to develop a text editor, although we developed one. The GNU Project
-set out to develop <em>a complete free Unix-like system</em>:
GNU.</p>
-
-<p>
-Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
-system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the
-reason it is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a
-collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out
-to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make
-a <em>complete</em> free system, and we systematically found,
wrote,
-or found people to write everything on the list. We wrote essential
-but <span class="removed"><del><strong>unexciting
-<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>unexciting <a class="ftn"
href="#unexciting">[1]</a></em></ins></span> components
-because you can't have a system
-without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools,
-became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
-components that are not <span class="removed"><del><strong>tools <a
href="#nottools">(2)</a>.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>tools <a class="ftn"
href="#nottools">[2]</a>.</em></ins></span> We even
-developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
-games too.</p>
-
-<p>
-By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
-kernel. We had also started a kernel, the
-<a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top
of
-Mach. Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
-<a href="/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux.html">the
-GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001</a>, but it is a long way
-from being ready for people to use in general.</p>
-
-<p>
-Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
-Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
-the GNU system. People could
-then <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01"></em></ins></span>
-combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>system
-— a</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>system—a</em></ins></span>
-version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The
-GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p>
-
-<p>
-Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>components<a
href="#somecomponents">(3)</a></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>components <a class="ftn"
href="#somecomponents">[3]</a></em></ins></span> needed substantial
change
-to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a distribution
-that would work “out of the box” was a big job, too. It
-required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
-system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet
-reached that point. Thus, the people who developed the various system
-distributions did a lot of essential work. But it was work that, in
-the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.</p>
-
-<p>
-The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em>
GNU
-system. The <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://fsf.org/">FSF</a></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://fsf.org/">FSF</a></em></ins></span>
funded the rewriting of
-the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
-are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
-library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage
-of the development of Debian GNU/Linux.</p>
-
-<p>
-Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
-called “distros”). Most of them include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free
-software—their</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree
-programs—their</em></ins></span> developers follow
-the <span class="removed"><del><strong>philosophy</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">“open
-source” philosophy</a></em></ins></span> associated with Linux
rather than <span class="removed"><del><strong>that</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>the
-<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">“free
-software” philosophy</a></em></ins></span> of GNU. But there are
also
-<a href="/distros/distros.html">completely free GNU/Linux
distros</a>.
-The FSF supports computer facilities for <span
class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="http://gnewsense.org/">gNewSense</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>a few of them.</p></em></ins></span>
-
-<p>Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
-eliminating various <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> programs. Nowadays, the
usual version of
-Linux contains <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> programs too. These
programs are intended to
-be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
-included, as long series of numbers, in the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>"source code"</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“source code”</em></ins></span> of Linux.
-Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
-a <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"></em></ins></span>
free version of
-Linux</a> too.</p>
-
-<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
-by using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the
-kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The
-system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When
-you're talking about this combination, please call it
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>“GNU/Linux”.</p></strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“GNU/Linux.”</p></em></ins></span>
-
-<p>
-If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
-reference, this page and <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">
-https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html</a></em></ins></span> are
good choices. If
-you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
-reference, <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://foldoc.org/linux">http://foldoc.org/linux</a></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://foldoc.org/linux">https://foldoc.org/linux</a></em></ins></span>
-is a good URL to use.</p>
-
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong><h3>Postscripts</h3></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="column-limit"></div>
-
-<h3 class="footnote">Postscripts</h3></em></ins></span>
-
-<p>
-Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
-a free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and
-it was developed at UC Berkeley. It was <span
class="removed"><del><strong>non-free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nonfree</em></ins></span> in the 80s, but
-became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>today<a
href="#newersystems">(4)</a></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>today <a class="ftn"
href="#newersystems">[4]</a></em></ins></span> is almost certainly
either a
-variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
-
-<p>
-People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
-GNU/Linux. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
-software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
-GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
-with GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
-system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
-wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately. The
-BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
-and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>situation.<a
-href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
-
-<h3>Notes:</h3></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>situation <a class="ftn"
-href="#gnubsd">[5]</a>.</p>
-<div class="column-limit"></div>
-
-<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3></em></ins></span>
-<ol>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li>
-<a id="unexciting"></a>These</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li
id="unexciting">These</em></ins></span> unexciting but essential components
-include the GNU assembler (GAS) and the linker (GLD), both
-are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
-package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and many
more.</li>
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li>
-<a id="nottools"></a>For</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="nottools">For</em></ins></span>
instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
-the PostScript interpreter
-<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>,
and the
-<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
-programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li>
-<a id="somecomponents"></a>For</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li
id="somecomponents">For</em></ins></span> instance, the
-<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li>
-<a id="newersystems"></a>Since</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li
id="newersystems">Since</em></ins></span> that was written, a nearly-all-free
-Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
-all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of
-the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
-free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
-kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li>
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>On</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li id="gnubsd">On</em></ins></span> the
other hand, in the years since this article
-was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
-the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
-with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
-GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and
-GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on
-typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
-GNU/*BSD.</li>
-</ol>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
-
-</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
-<div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
-There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
-to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
-
-<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
- replace it with the translation of these two:
-
- We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
- translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
- Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
- to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
- <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
-
- <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
- our web pages, see <a
- href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. -->
-Please see the <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations
-of this article.</p>
-</div>
-
-<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
- files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
- without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
- document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
- document was modified, or published.
-
- If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
- Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
- years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
- year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
- being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
-
- There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-
-<p>Copyright © <span class="removed"><del><strong>1997, 1998, 1999,
2000, 2001, 2002,
-2007, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021</em></ins></span>
Richard <span class="removed"><del><strong>M.</strong></del></span>
Stallman</p>
-
-<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-
-<p class="unprintable">Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/11/02 14:41:53 $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
-</body>
-</html>
-</pre></body></html>
Index: po/linux-and-gnu.de-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/linux-and-gnu.de-en.html
diff -N po/linux-and-gnu.de-en.html
--- po/linux-and-gnu.de-en.html 25 Oct 2017 11:30:08 -0000 1.16
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,311 +0,0 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
-<title>Linux and GNU
-- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
-<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2>
-
-<p><strong>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
-
-<div class="announcement">
- <blockquote><p>For more information see also
-the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
-and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
- </blockquote>
-</div>
-
-<p>
-Many computer users run a modified version of
-<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU system</a>
-every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events,
-the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
-“Linux”, and many of its users
-are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a>
-that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
-<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
-
-<p>
-There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
-a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in
-the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other
-programs that you run. The kernel is an essential part of an
-operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the
-context of a complete operating system. Linux is normally used in
-combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is
-basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-called
-“Linux” distributions are really distributions of
-GNU/Linux.</p>
-
-<p>
-Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
-is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
-“Linux”. The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
-people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds
-developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
-
-<p>
-Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they
-have generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they
-often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
-after the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
-finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
-free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
-most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
-available.</p>
-
-<p>
-What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU
-system. The available <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
-software</a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
-had been working since 1984 to make one. In
-the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"> GNU Manifesto</a> we set forth
-the goal of developing a free Unix-like
-system, called GNU. The <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">
-Initial Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
-original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU
-was almost finished.</p>
-
-<p>
-Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
-program for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
-write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
-formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
-X Window System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
-kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.</p>
-
-<p>
-If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
-what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
-distribution”, <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
-software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
-total source code, and this included some of the essential major
-components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
-about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main”
-repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
-So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
-who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
-choice would be “GNU”.</p>
-
-<p>
-But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU
-Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software
-packages. It was not a project <a href="/software/gcc/"> to
-develop a C compiler</a>, although we did that. It was not a project
-to develop a text editor, although we developed one. The GNU Project
-set out to develop <em>a complete free Unix-like system</em>: GNU.</p>
-
-<p>
-Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
-system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the
-reason it is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a
-collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out
-to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make
-a <em>complete</em> free system, and we systematically found, wrote,
-or found people to write everything on the list. We wrote essential
-but unexciting
-<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a> components because you can't have a system
-without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools,
-became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
-components that are not tools <a href="#nottools">(2)</a>. We even
-developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
-games too.</p>
-
-<p>
-By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
-kernel. We had also started a kernel, the
-<a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top of
-Mach. Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
-<a href="/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux.html">the
-GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001</a>, but it is a long way
-from being ready for people to use in general.</p>
-
-<p>
-Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
-Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
-the GNU system. People could
-then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system
-— a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The
-GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p>
-
-<p>
-Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
-components<a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> needed substantial change
-to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a distribution
-that would work “out of the box” was a big job, too. It
-required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
-system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet
-reached that point. Thus, the people who developed the various system
-distributions did a lot of essential work. But it was work that, in
-the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.</p>
-
-<p>
-The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU
-system. The <a href="http://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of
-the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
-are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
-library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage
-of the development of Debian GNU/Linux.</p>
-
-<p>
-Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
-called “distros”). Most of them include non-free
-software—their developers follow the philosophy associated with
-Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also
-<a href="/distros/distros.html">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The FSF
-supports computer facilities
-for <a href="http://gnewsense.org/";>gNewSense</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
-eliminating various non-free programs. Nowadays, the usual version of
-Linux contains non-free programs too. These programs are intended to
-be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
-included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
-Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
-a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> free version of
-Linux</a> too.</p>
-
-<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
-by using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the
-kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The
-system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When
-you're talking about this combination, please call it
-“GNU/Linux”.</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
-reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
-you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
-reference, <a href="http://foldoc.org/linux";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a>
-is a good URL to use.</p>
-
-<h3>Postscripts</h3>
-
-<p>
-Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
-a free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and
-it was developed at UC Berkeley. It was non-free in the 80s, but
-became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists
-today<a href="#newersystems">(4)</a> is almost certainly either a
-variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
-
-<p>
-People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
-GNU/Linux. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
-software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
-GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
-with GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
-system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
-wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately. The
-BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
-and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.<a
-href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
-
-<h3>Notes:</h3>
-<ol>
-<li>
-<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components
-include the GNU assembler (GAS) and the linker (GLD), both
-are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
-package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and many more.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
-the PostScript interpreter
-<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>, and the
-<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
-programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="somecomponents"></a>For instance, the
-<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="newersystems"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
-Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
-all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of
-the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
-free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
-kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article
-was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
-the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
-with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
-GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and
-GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on
-typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
-GNU/*BSD.</li>
-
-</ol>
-
-</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
-<div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
-There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
-to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
-
-<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
- replace it with the translation of these two:
-
- We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
- translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
- Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
- to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
- <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
-
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
- our web pages, see <a
- href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. -->
-Please see the <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this article.</p>
-</div>
-
-<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
- files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
- without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
- document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
- document was modified, or published.
-
- If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
- Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
- years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
- year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
- being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
-
- There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-
-<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
-2007, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Richard M. Stallman</p>
-
-<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
-
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-
-<p class="unprintable">Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2017/10/25 11:30:08 $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>
Index: po/linux-and-gnu.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: po/linux-and-gnu.de.po
diff -N po/linux-and-gnu.de.po
--- po/linux-and-gnu.de.po 2 Nov 2021 14:41:53 -0000 1.51
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,1080 +0,0 @@
-# German translation of https://gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html.
-# Copyright (C) 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
-# Richard Steuer <ri_st@freenet.de>, 2002.
-# Jоегg Kоhпе <joeko (AT) online [PUNKT] de>, 2013-2014, 2016, 2017.
-#
-msgid ""
-msgstr ""
-"Project-Id-Version: linux-and-gnu.html\n"
-"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Webmasters <webmasters@gnu.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-11-02 14:27+0000\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2017-09-26 22:00+0200\n"
-"Last-Translator: Jоегg Kоhпе <joeko (AT) online [PUNKT] de>\n"
-"Language-Team: German <www-de-translators@gnu.org>\n"
-"Language: de\n"
-"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
-"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
-"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2019-03-01 17:56+0000\n"
-
-#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
-msgstr "Das GNU-System und Linux - GNU-Projekt - Free Software Foundation"
-
-#. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta>
-msgid ""
-"GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, "
-"Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd"
-msgstr " "
-
-#. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta>
-msgid ""
-"Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that "
-"computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they "
-"use."
-msgstr " "
-
-# Der Name des Artikels ist, wenn man sich auf diesen in einem anderen Artikel
-# bezieht, missverständlich. Besser wäre
-# 'Das GNU-System und Linux' oder -kürzer- schlicht 'GNU und Linux'
-# (was auch GNU, an erster Stelle stehend, in den Vordergrund hebt)
-#. type: Content of: <div><h2>
-msgid "Linux and the GNU System"
-msgstr "Das GNU-System und Linux"
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><address>
-# | by <a href=\"http{+s+}://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a>
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
-msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
-msgstr ""
-"von <strong><a href=\"//www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a></strong>"
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Many computer users run a modified version of <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem\">the GNU system</a> every
-# | day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version
-# | of GNU which is widely used today is often called [-“Linux”,-]
-# | {+“Linux,”+} and many of its users are <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\"> not aware</a> that it is
-# | basically the GNU system, developed by the <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/gnu-history.html\">GNU Project</a>.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Many computer users run a modified version of <a href=\"/philosophy/"
-#| "categories.html#TheGNUsystem\">the GNU system</a> every day, without "
-#| "realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version of GNU "
-#| "which is widely used today is often called “Linux”, and many "
-#| "of its users are <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\"> not "
-#| "aware</a> that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the <a href="
-#| "\"/gnu/gnu-history.html\">GNU Project</a>."
-msgid ""
-"Many computer users run a modified version of <a href=\"/philosophy/"
-"categories.html#TheGNUsystem\">the GNU system</a> every day, without "
-"realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version of GNU which "
-"is widely used today is often called “Linux,” and many of its "
-"users are <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\"> not aware</a> "
-"that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-"
-"history.html\">GNU Project</a>."
-msgstr ""
-"Viele Rechnernutzer führen tagtäglich eine modifizierte Version des <a
href="
-"\"/philosophy/categories#TheGNUsystem\">GNU-Systems</a> aus ‑"
-" ohne es zu wissen. Durch eine befremdende Wendung der Ereignisse wird "
-"dieses <ins>System</ins> ‑ das heute weit verbreitet "
-"ist ‑ oft <ins>unzutreffend</ins> <em>âLinuxâ</em>
genannt, "
-"und viele Nutzer sind sich dessen <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu"
-"\">nicht bewusst</a>, dass es im Grunde das GNU-System ist, entwickelt durch "
-"das <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-history\">GNU-Projekt</a>."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid ""
-"For more information see also the <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">GNU/"
-"Linux FAQ</a>, and <a href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html\">Why GNU/Linux?</a>"
-msgstr ""
-"Siehe auch <cite><a href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq\">GNU/Linux: Häufig gestellte "
-"Fragen</a></cite> und <cite><a href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux\">GNU/Linux. Ist "
-"der Name Schall und Rauch?</a></cite> für weitere Informationen."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just a "
-"part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in the system "
-"that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that you run. "
-"The kernel is an essential part of an operating system, but useless by "
-"itself; it can only function in the context of a complete operating system. "
-"Linux is normally used in combination with the GNU operating system: the "
-"whole system is basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-"
-"called “Linux” distributions are really distributions of GNU/"
-"Linux."
-msgstr ""
-"Es gibt wahrhaft ein Linux, und diese Menschen benutzen es, aber es ist nur "
-"ein Teil des Systems, das sie benutzen. Linux ist der Betriebssystemkern: "
-"das Programm im System, das die Ressourcen des Systems an die anderen "
-"Programme zuteilt. Der Systemkern ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil eines "
-"Betriebssystems, für sich genommen aber nutzlos; er kann nur im Kontext mit "
-"einem kompletten Betriebssystem funktionieren. Linux wird üblicherweise in "
-"Kombination mit dem GNU-Betriebssystem genutzt: das ganze System ist "
-"grundsätzlich GNU mit hinzugefügtem Linux ‑ oder GNU/Linux.
"
-"All die sogenannten âLinuxâ-Distributionen sind tatsächlich GNU/Linux-"
-"Distributionen."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is
-# | Linux, and the whole system, which they also call [-“Linux”.-]
-# | {+“Linux.”+} The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help people
-# | understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds developed the
-# | whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is "
-#| "Linux, and the whole system, which they also call “Linux”. "
-#| "The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help people understand. These "
-#| "users often think that Linus Torvalds developed the whole operating "
-#| "system in 1991, with a bit of help."
-msgid ""
-"Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is "
-"Linux, and the whole system, which they also call “Linux.” The "
-"ambiguous use of the name doesn't help people understand. These users often "
-"think that Linus Torvalds developed the whole operating system in 1991, with "
-"a bit of help."
-msgstr ""
-"Viele Benutzer verstehen den Unterschied zwischen dem Systemkern, der Linux "
-"ist, und dem Gesamtsystem, den sie auch âLinuxâ nennen, nicht. Der "
-"mehrdeutige Gebrauch des Namens trägt nicht zum Verständnis bei. Diese "
-"Benutzer denken oftmals, dass Linus Torvalds das gesamte Betriebssystem 1991 "
-"mit ein bisschen Hilfe entwickelte."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they have "
-"generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they "
-"often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system after "
-"the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds finished "
-"writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other free software "
-"to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason) most everything "
-"necessary to make a Unix-like system was already available."
-msgstr ""
-"Programmierer wissen für gewöhnlich, dass Linux ein Systemkern ist. Da sie "
-"aber im Allgemeinen ebenso selbstverständlich âLinuxâ als Gesamtsystem "
-"gehört haben, stellen sie sich oft eine Geschichte vor, die die Benennung "
-"des Gesamtsystems nach dem Systemkern rechtfertigen würde. Beispielsweise "
-"sind viele davon überzeugt, dass, sobald Linus Torvalds das Schreiben an "
-"Linux, dem Systemkern, abschlieÃen würde, sich seine Nutzer nach anderer "
-"freier Software umgucken würden, um dann diese weiter zu nutzen, und fanden "
-"heraus, dass (aus keinem besonderen Grund) fast alles für ein unixoides "
-"System Notwendige bereits vorhanden war."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU "
-"system. The available <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">free software</"
-"a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project had been working "
-"since 1984 to make one. In the <a href=\"/gnu/manifesto.html\"> GNU "
-"Manifesto</a> we set forth the goal of developing a free Unix-like system, "
-"called GNU. The <a href=\"/gnu/initial-announcement.html\"> Initial "
-"Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the original plans "
-"for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU was almost finished."
-msgstr ""
-"Was sie vorfanden war kein Zufall ‑ es war das (noch "
-"unvollständige) GNU-System. Die verfügbare <cite><a
href=\"/philosophy/free-"
-"sw\">Freie Software</a></cite> trug zu einem Komplettsystem bei, weil das "
-"GNU-Projekt seit 1984 an einem gearbeitet hatte. Im <cite><a href=\"/gnu/"
-"manifesto\">GNU-Manifest</a></cite> erklärten wir das Ziel, ein freies, "
-"unixoides System namens GNU<a href=\"#tn1\" id=\"tn1-ref\" class=\"tnote\">"
-"[1]</a> zu entwickeln. Die <a href=\"/gnu/initial-announcement"
-"\">ursprüngliche Ankündigung</a> des GNU-Projekts umreiÃt auch einige der "
-"ursprünglichen Pläne für das GNU-System. Als mit Linux begonnen wurde, war
"
-"GNU fast fertig."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular program "
-"for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to write a Unix-"
-"like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text formatter (TeX); "
-"Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the X Window System). It's "
-"natural to measure the contribution of this kind of project by specific "
-"programs that came from the project."
-msgstr ""
-"Die meisten Freie-Software-Projekte haben das Ziel, ein bestimmtes Programm "
-"für eine bestimmte Aufgabe zu entwickeln. Beispielsweise hat sich Linus "
-"Torvalds vorgenommen, einen unixoiden Systemkern (Linux) zu schreiben, "
-"Donald Knuth ein Textsatzprogramm (TeX) und Bob Scheifler ein Fenstersystem "
-"(das <span xml:lang=\"en\" lang=\"en\">X Window System</span>). Es ist nur "
-"natürlich, den Beitrag dieser Art von Projekt an bestimmten Programmen zu "
-"messen, die daraus stammen."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what
-# | would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
-# | [-distribution”,-] {+distribution,”+} <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware\">GNU software</a> was the
-# | largest single contingent, around 28% of the total source code, and this
-# | included some of the essential major components without which there could
-# | be no system. Linux itself was about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are
-# | similar: in the “main” repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5%
-# | and GNU packages are 15%.) So if you were going to pick a name for the
-# | system based on who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate
-# | single choice would be [-“GNU”.-] {+“GNU.”+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what "
-#| "would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux "
-#| "distribution”, <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware"
-#| "\">GNU software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the "
-#| "total source code, and this included some of the essential major "
-#| "components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was "
-#| "about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “"
-#| "main” repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are "
-#| "15%.) So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who "
-#| "wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single choice "
-#| "would be “GNU”."
-msgid ""
-"If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what "
-"would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux "
-"distribution,” <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware\">GNU "
-"software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the total "
-"source code, and this included some of the essential major components "
-"without which there could be no system. Linux itself was about 3%. (The "
-"proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main” repository of "
-"gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.) So if you were going to "
-"pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system, "
-"the most appropriate single choice would be “GNU.”"
-msgstr ""
-"Zu welchem Schluss würden wir bei dem Versuch kommen, den Beitrag des GNU-"
-"Projekts danach zu messen? Ein CD-ROM-Anbieter fand heraus, dass in deren "
-"âLinux-Distributionâ <a
href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware\">GNU-"
-"Software</a> mit etwa 28 % der gröÃte einzelne Anteil des gesamten "
-"Quellcodes war. Und das schloss einige der unverzichtbaren Hauptkomponenten, "
-"ohne die es überhaupt kein System geben würde, ein. Linux selbst machte "
-"ungefähr 3 % aus (2008 sind die Anteile ähnlich: im <em>Haupt</em>-"
-"Projektarchiv von gNewSense Linux 1,5 % und GNU-Pakete 15 %). Wenn "
-"man also vor hätte einen Namen für das System basierend darauf
auszuwählen, "
-"wer die Programme im System geschrieben hat, wäre die entsprechende einzige "
-"Antwort <em>GNU</em>."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU Project "
-"was not, is not, a project to develop specific software packages. It was "
-"not a project <a href=\"/software/gcc/\"> to develop a C compiler</a>, "
-"although we did that. It was not a project to develop a text editor, "
-"although we developed one. The GNU Project set out to develop <em>a "
-"complete free Unix-like system</em>: GNU."
-msgstr ""
-"Aber das ist nicht der richtige Weg die Angelegenheit zu beurteilen. Das GNU-"
-"Projekt war und ist kein Projekt, bestimmte Softwarepakete zu entwickeln. Es "
-"war kein Projekt, <a href=\"/software/gcc/\">einen C-Compiler zu entwickeln</"
-"a>, obgleich wir das taten. Es war kein Projekt, einen Texteditor zu "
-"entwickeln, obgleich wir einen entwickelten. Das GNU-Projekt hat sich "
-"vorgenommen, <em>ein vollständig freies unixoides System</em> zu entwickeln:
"
-"GNU."
-
-# ab hier Korrekturlesen, 2.5.2013
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
-# | system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the reason it
-# | is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a collection of useful
-# | programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made
-# | a list of the programs needed to make a <em>complete</em> free system, and
-# | we systematically found, wrote, or found people to write everything on the
-# | list. We wrote essential but [-unexciting <a
-# | href=\"#unexciting\">(1)</a>-] {+unexciting <a class=\"ftn\"
-# | href=\"#unexciting\">[1]</a>+} components because you can't have a system
-# | without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools,
-# | became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
-# | components that are not [-tools <a href=\"#nottools\">(2)</a>.-]
-# | {+tools <a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#nottools\">[2]</a>.+} We even
-# | developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs games
-# | too.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the "
-#| "system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the reason "
-#| "it is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a collection of "
-#| "useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. "
-#| "We made a list of the programs needed to make a <em>complete</em> free "
-#| "system, and we systematically found, wrote, or found people to write "
-#| "everything on the list. We wrote essential but unexciting <a href="
-#| "\"#unexciting\">(1)</a> components because you can't have a system "
-#| "without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools, "
-#| "became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many "
-#| "components that are not tools <a href=\"#nottools\">(2)</a>. We even "
-#| "developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs games "
-#| "too."
-msgid ""
-"Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the "
-"system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the reason it "
-"is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a collection of useful "
-"programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made a "
-"list of the programs needed to make a <em>complete</em> free system, and we "
-"systematically found, wrote, or found people to write everything on the "
-"list. We wrote essential but unexciting <a class=\"ftn\" href="
-"\"#unexciting\">[1]</a> components because you can't have a system without "
-"them. Some of our system components, the programming tools, became popular "
-"on their own among programmers, but we wrote many components that are not "
-"tools <a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#nottools\">[2]</a>. We even developed "
-"a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs games too."
-msgstr ""
-"Viele haben maÃgebliche Beiträge zu der freien Software im System
geleistet, "
-"und sie alle verdienen Anerkennung für ihre Software. Aber der Grund, "
-"weshalb es <em>ein integriertes System</em> ‑ und nicht nur "
-"eine Sammlung nützlicher Programme ‑ ist, ist der, weil sich
"
-"das GNU-Projekt vorgenommen hat, es zu einem zu machen. Wir fertigten eine "
-"Liste der benötigten Programme an, um ein <em>vollständiges</em> freies "
-"System zu entwickeln, und systematisch fanden, schrieben oder fanden wir "
-"Personen, alles auf die Liste zu schreiben. Wir schrieben wesentliche, aber "
-"wenig aufregende Komponenten<a href=\"#unexciting\" id=\"unexciting-ref\" "
-"class=\"fnote\">(1)</a>, da man ohne sie kein System haben kann. Einige "
-"unserer Systemkomponenten, die Programmierwerkzeuge, wurden unter "
-"Programmierern eigenständig populär, aber wir schrieben auch viele "
-"Komponenten, die keine Werkzeuge<a href=\"#nottools\" id=\"nottools-ref\" "
-"class=\"fnote\">(2)</a> sind. Wir entwickelten sogar ein Schachspiel, GNU "
-"Chess, weil ein Gesamtsystem auch Spiele braucht."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the "
-"kernel. We had also started a kernel, the <a href=\"/software/hurd/hurd.html"
-"\">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top of Mach. Developing this kernel has been "
-"a lot harder than we expected; <a href=\"/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux.html"
-"\">the GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001</a>, but it is a long way "
-"from being ready for people to use in general."
-msgstr ""
-"Anfang der 90er hatten wir das gesamte System, abgesehen vom Systemkern, "
-"zusammengestellt. Wir arbeiteten ebenfalls an einem Systemkern, dem <a href="
-"\"/software/hurd/\">GNU Hurd</a>, der auf Mach aufsetzt. Die Entwicklung "
-"dieses Systemkerns ist sehr viel schwieriger gewesen als wir angenommen "
-"hatten. <a href=\"/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux\">GNU Hurd begann zwar 2001 "
-"zuverlässig zu arbeiten</a>, aber ist weit davon entfernt, allgemein "
-"benutzbar zu sein."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once
-# | Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU
-# | system. People could then <a
-# |
href=\"http{+s+}://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\">
-# | combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free [-system
-# | — a-] {+system—a+} version of the GNU system which also
-# | contained Linux. The GNU/Linux system, in other words.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once "
-#| "Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU "
-#| "system. People could then <a href=\"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/";
-#| "historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\"> combine Linux with the "
-#| "GNU system</a> to make a complete free system — a version of the "
-#| "GNU system which also contained Linux. The GNU/Linux system, in other "
-#| "words."
-msgid ""
-"Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once "
-"Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU "
-"system. People could then <a href=\"https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/";
-"historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\"> combine Linux with the GNU "
-"system</a> to make a complete free system—a version of the GNU system "
-"which also contained Linux. The GNU/Linux system, in other words."
-msgstr ""
-"Glücklicherweise mussten wir wegen Linux nicht auf Hurd warten. Nachdem "
-"Torvalds im Jahr 1992 Linux freigegebenen hatte, füllte es die letzte groÃe
"
-"Lücke im GNU-System. Man konnte dann das <a href=\"//ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/"
-"historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\" title=\"Notes for linux "
-"release 0.01, unter: http://ftp.funet.fi.\";>GNU-System mit Linux "
-"kombinieren</a>, um ein vollständig freies System zu erhalten ‑"
-" eine Variante des GNU-Systems, das auch Linux enthielt. Mit anderen "
-"Worten: das GNU/Linux-System."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
-# | [-components<a href=\"#somecomponents\">(3)</a>-] {+components <a
-# | class=\"ftn\" href=\"#somecomponents\">[3]</a>+} needed substantial change
-# | to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a distribution that
-# | would work “out of the box” was a big job, too. It required
-# | addressing the issue of how to install and boot the system—a problem
-# | we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet reached that point. Thus, the
-# | people who developed the various system distributions did a lot of
-# | essential work. But it was work that, in the nature of things, was surely
-# | going to be done by someone.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU "
-#| "components<a href=\"#somecomponents\">(3)</a> needed substantial change "
-#| "to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a distribution that "
-#| "would work “out of the box” was a big job, too. It required "
-#| "addressing the issue of how to install and boot the system—a "
-#| "problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet reached that point. "
-#| "Thus, the people who developed the various system distributions did a lot "
-#| "of essential work. But it was work that, in the nature of things, was "
-#| "surely going to be done by someone."
-msgid ""
-"Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU "
-"components <a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#somecomponents\">[3]</a> needed "
-"substantial change to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a "
-"distribution that would work “out of the box” was a big job, "
-"too. It required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the "
-"system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet reached "
-"that point. Thus, the people who developed the various system distributions "
-"did a lot of essential work. But it was work that, in the nature of things, "
-"was surely going to be done by someone."
-msgstr ""
-"Damit sie gut zusammenarbeiten, war keine triviale Aufgabe. Einige GNU-"
-"Komponenten<a href=\"#somecomponents\" id=\"somecomponents-ref\" class="
-"\"fnote\">(3)</a> benötigten eine wesentliche Ãnderung, um mit Linux zu "
-"funktionieren. Die Integration eines kompletten Systems zu einer "
-"Distribution, die <em>sofort einsatzbereit</em> sein würde, war ebenfalls "
-"eine groÃe Aufgabe. Es musste die Frage gelöst werden, wie man das System "
-"installiert und startet ‑ ein Problem, dass wir noch nicht "
-"angepackt hatten, weil wir diesen Punkt noch nicht erreicht hatten. Daher "
-"leisteten die Personen, die verschiedene Systemdistributionen entwickelt "
-"haben, sehr viel maÃgebliche Arbeit. Aber es war Arbeit, die ‑"
-" in der Natur der Sache ‑ sicher war, von jemand "
-"erledigt zu werden."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU
-# | system. The <a href=\"http{+s+}://fsf.org/\">FSF</a> funded the rewriting
-# | of the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are
-# | well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current library
-# | release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage of the
-# | development of Debian GNU/Linux.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU "
-#| "system. The <a href=\"http://fsf.org/\";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of "
-#| "the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are "
-#| "well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current library "
-#| "release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage of the "
-#| "development of Debian GNU/Linux."
-msgid ""
-"The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU "
-"system. The <a href=\"https://fsf.org/\";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of "
-"the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are well "
-"integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current library release "
-"with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage of the development of "
-"Debian GNU/Linux."
-msgstr ""
-"Das GNU-Projekt unterstützt sowohl GNU-Systeme mit Linux, GNU/Linux, als "
-"auch <em>das</em> GNU-System. Die <a href=\"//fsf.org/\" xml:lang=\"en\" "
-"lang=\"en\">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) unterstützte die "
-"Ãberarbeitung der Linux-bedingten Erweiterungen zur GNU C-Bibliothek "
-"finanziell, sodass diese nun gut integriert und die neuesten GNU/Linux-"
-"Systeme die aktuelle Freigabe der Bibliothek unverändert nutzen können. Die
"
-"FSF unterstützte auch ein frühes Entwicklungsstadium von Debian GNU/Linux "
-"finanziell."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
-# | called “distros”). Most of them include [-non-free
-# | software—their-] {+nonfree programs—their+} developers follow
-# | the [-philosophy-] {+<a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">“open
-# | source” philosophy</a>+} associated with Linux rather than [-that-]
-# | {+the <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">“free
-# | software” philosophy</a>+} of GNU. But there are also <a
-# | href=\"/distros/distros.html\">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The
-# | FSF supports computer facilities for [-<a
-# | href=\"http://gnewsense.org/\";>gNewSense</a>.-] {+a few of them.+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often "
-#| "called “distros”). Most of them include non-free "
-#| "software—their developers follow the philosophy associated with "
-#| "Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also <a href=\"/distros/"
-#| "distros.html\">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The FSF supports "
-#| "computer facilities for <a href=\"http://gnewsense.org/\";>gNewSense</a>."
-msgid ""
-"Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often "
-"called “distros”). Most of them include nonfree programs—"
-"their developers follow the <a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-"
-"point.html\">“open source” philosophy</a> associated with Linux "
-"rather than the <a href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"
-"\">“free software” philosophy</a> of GNU. But there are also <a "
-"href=\"/distros/distros.html\">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The "
-"FSF supports computer facilities for a few of them."
-msgstr ""
-"Gegenwärtig gibt es viele verschiedene Varianten des GNU/Linux-Systems "
-"(vielfach <em>Distributionen</em> genannt). Die meisten enthalten unfreie "
-"Software ‑ deren Entwickler eher der mit <em>âLinuxâ</em>
"
-"anstatt der von <em>GNU</em> verbundenen Philosophie folgen. Aber es gibt "
-"auch <a href=\"/distros/\">völlig freie GNU/Linux-Distributionen</a>. Die "
-"FSF unterstützt <a href=\"//gnewsense.org/\" title=\"http://gnewsense.org/";
-"\">gNewSense</a> mit EDV-FaÂziÂliÂtäten."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of eliminating
-# | various non[---]free programs. Nowadays, the usual version of Linux
-# | contains non[---]free programs too. These programs are intended to be
-# | loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are included, as
-# | long series of numbers, in the [-\"source code\"-] {+“source
-# | code”+} of Linux. Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions
-# | now entails maintaining a <a
-# | href=\"http{+s+}://directory.fsf.org/project/linux\"> free version of
-# | Linux</a> too.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of eliminating "
-#| "various non-free programs. Nowadays, the usual version of Linux contains "
-#| "non-free programs too. These programs are intended to be loaded into I/O "
-#| "devices when the system starts, and they are included, as long series of "
-#| "numbers, in the \"source code\" of Linux. Thus, maintaining free GNU/"
-#| "Linux distributions now entails maintaining a <a href=\"http://directory.";
-#| "fsf.org/project/linux\"> free version of Linux</a> too."
-msgid ""
-"Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of eliminating "
-"various nonfree programs. Nowadays, the usual version of Linux contains "
-"nonfree programs too. These programs are intended to be loaded into I/O "
-"devices when the system starts, and they are included, as long series of "
-"numbers, in the “source code” of Linux. Thus, maintaining free "
-"GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining a <a href=\"https://";
-"directory.fsf.org/project/linux\"> free version of Linux</a> too."
-msgstr ""
-"Eine freie GNU/Linux-Distribution ist nicht nur eine Frage der Beseitigung "
-"verschiedener unfreier Programme. Heutzutage enthält die übliche Version
von "
-"Linux auch unfreie Programme. Diese Programme sollen beim Start des Systems "
-"in Ein-/Ausgabegeräte geladen werden und sind als lange Zahlenreihen im "
-"âQuellcodeâ von Linux enthalten. Somit beinhaltet die Pflege freier GNU/"
-"Linux-Distributionen nun ebenfalls die Pflege einer <a href=\"//directory."
-"fsf.org/project/linux-libre\">freien Variante von Linux</a>."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public by using
-# | the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of the
-# | essential major components of the system. The system as a whole is
-# | basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking about
-# | this combination, please call it [-“GNU/Linux”.-]
-# | {+“GNU/Linux.”+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public by "
-#| "using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one "
-#| "of the essential major components of the system. The system as a whole "
-#| "is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking about "
-#| "this combination, please call it “GNU/Linux”."
-msgid ""
-"Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public by using "
-"the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of the "
-"essential major components of the system. The system as a whole is "
-"basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking about this "
-"combination, please call it “GNU/Linux.”"
-msgstr ""
-"Ob Sie GNU/Linux benutzen oder nicht, bitte irritieren Sie die "
-"Ãffentlichkeit nicht durch doppeldeutigen Gebrauch des Namens âLinuxâ.
Linux "
-"ist der Betriebssystemkern, einer der unbedingt erforderlichen "
-"Hauptkomponenten des Systems. Das System als Ganzes ist grundsätzlich das "
-"GNU-System mit hinzugefügtem Linux. Wenn Sie über diese Kombination "
-"sprechen, nennen Sie es bitte <i><b>GNU/Linux</b></i>."
-
-# (Service Temporarily Unavailable) ->
https://web.archive.org/web/20091004063519/http://foldoc.org/Linux
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
-# | reference, this page and <a [-href=\"/gnu/the-gnu-project.html\">
-# | http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a>-]
-# | {+href=\"/gnu/thegnuproject.html\">
-# | https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html</a>+} are good choices. If you
-# | mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further reference,
-# | <a [-href=\"http://foldoc.org/linux\";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a>-]
-# | {+href=\"https://foldoc.org/linux\";>https://foldoc.org/linux</a>+} is a
-# | good URL to use.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further "
-#| "reference, this page and <a href=\"/gnu/the-gnu-project.html\"> http://";
-#| "www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If you "
-#| "mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further reference, "
-#| "<a href=\"http://foldoc.org/linux\";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a> is a good "
-#| "URL to use."
-msgid ""
-"If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further reference, "
-"this page and <a href=\"/gnu/thegnuproject.html\"> https://www.gnu.org/gnu/";
-"thegnuproject.html</a> are good choices. If you mention Linux, the kernel, "
-"and want to add a link for further reference, <a href=\"https://foldoc.org/";
-"linux\">https://foldoc.org/linux</a> is a good URL to use."
-msgstr ""
-"Möchten Sie zu Referenzzwecken einen Verweis auf <em>GNU/Linux</em> anlegen,
"
-"ist sowohl dieses Dokument als auch <a href=\"/gnu/the-gnu-project\">https://";
-"www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> eine gute Wahl. Möchten Sie "
-"<em>Linux</em>, den Betriebssystemkern, erwähnen und einen Verweis für "
-"weitere Referenz hinzufügen, ist <a href=\"//foldoc.org/linux\">http://";
-"foldoc.org/linux</a> eine gute Adresse."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
-msgid "Postscripts"
-msgstr "Nachtrag"
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced a free
-# | Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and it was
-# | developed at UC Berkeley. It was non[---]free in the 80s, but became free
-# | in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists [-today<a
-# | href=\"#newersystems\">(4)</a>-] {+today <a class=\"ftn\"
-# | href=\"#newersystems\">[4]</a>+} is almost certainly either a variant of
-# | the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced a free Unix-"
-#| "like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and it was developed "
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-#| "90s. A free operating system that exists today<a href=\"#newersystems\">"
-#| "(4)</a> is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU system, or a kind "
-#| "of BSD system."
-msgid ""
-"Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced a free Unix-"
-"like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and it was developed at "
-"UC Berkeley. It was nonfree in the 80s, but became free in the early 90s. "
-"A free operating system that exists today <a class=\"ftn\" href="
-"\"#newersystems\">[4]</a> is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU "
-"system, or a kind of BSD system."
-msgstr ""
-"Abgesehen von GNU hat ein anderes Projekt unabhängig ein freies unixoides "
-"Betriebssystem hergestellt. Dieses System ist als BSD bekannt und wurde an "
-"der <span xml:lang=\"en\" lang=\"en\">University of California, Berkeley</"
-"span>, entwickelt. In den 80ern war es unfrei, wurde aber Anfang der 90er "
-"frei. Ein gegenwärtig existierendes freies Betriebssystem<a href="
-"\"#newersystems\" id=\"newersystems-ref\" class=\"fnote\">(4)</a> ist "
-"höchstwahrscheinlich entweder eine Variante des GNU-Systems oder eine Art "
-"von BSD-System."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like GNU/Linux.
-# | The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free software by the
-# | example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from GNU activists helped
-# | persuade them, but the code had little overlap with GNU. BSD systems
-# | today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU system and its variants use
-# | some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are two different
-# | systems that evolved separately. The BSD developers did not write a
-# | kernel and add it to the GNU system, and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit
-# | the [-situation.<a href=\"#gnubsd\">(5)</a>-] {+situation <a
-# | class=\"ftn\" href=\"#gnubsd\">[5]</a>.+}
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like GNU/"
-#| "Linux. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free software "
-#| "by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from GNU "
-#| "activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap with "
-#| "GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU system and "
-#| "its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are "
-#| "two different systems that evolved separately. The BSD developers did "
-#| "not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system, and a name like GNU/BSD "
-#| "would not fit the situation.<a href=\"#gnubsd\">(5)</a>"
-msgid ""
-"People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like GNU/Linux. "
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-"example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from GNU activists helped "
-"persuade them, but the code had little overlap with GNU. BSD systems today "
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-"evolved separately. The BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to "
-"the GNU system, and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation <a "
-"class=\"ftn\" href=\"#gnubsd\">[5]</a>."
-msgstr ""
-"Manchmal wird angefragt, ob BSD auch eine Variante von GNU sei, wie GNU/"
-"Linux. Die BSD-Entwickler wurden angeregt, ihren Quellcode am Beispiel des "
-"GNU-Projekts zu Freie Software zu machen, und nachdrückliche Appelle von
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-"Aktivisten halfen sie zu überzeugen, aber der Quellcode hatte kaum "
-"Ãberschneidungen mit GNU. BSD-Systeme nutzen heute einige GNU-Programme wie "
-"das GNU-System und seine Varianten ebenso einige BSD-Programme nutzen. "
-"Allerdings, als Ganzes betrachtet, sind sie zwei verschiedene Systeme, die "
-"separat entwickelt wurden. Die BSD-Entwickler schrieben keinen Systemkern "
-"und fügten diesen dem GNU-System hinzu, daher würde ein Name wie GNU/BSD
der "
-"Situation<a href=\"#gnubsd\" id=\"gnubsd-ref\" class=\"fnote\">(5)</a> nicht "
-"gerecht werden."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
-msgid "Footnotes"
-msgstr "FuÃnoten"
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
-# | [-<a id=\"unexciting\"></a>These-]{+These+} unexciting but essential
-# | components include the GNU assembler (GAS) and the linker (GLD), both are
-# | now part of the <a href=\"/software/binutils/\">GNU Binutils</a> package,
-# | <a href=\"/software/tar/\">GNU tar</a>, and many more.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a id=\"unexciting\"></a>These unexciting but essential components "
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-#| "of the <a href=\"/software/binutils/\">GNU Binutils</a> package, <a href="
-#| "\"/software/tar/\">GNU tar</a>, and many more."
-msgid ""
-"These unexciting but essential components include the GNU assembler (GAS) "
-"and the linker (GLD), both are now part of the <a href=\"/software/binutils/"
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-"many more."
-msgstr ""
-"<a id=\"unexciting\" href=\"#unexciting-ref\">â</a> Diese wenig aufregenden
"
-"aber wesentlichen Komponenten umfassen den <b>GNU Assembler</b> (GAS) und "
-"den <b>GNU Linker</b> (GLD), beide nun Teil der <b><a href=\"/software/"
-"binutils/\">GNU Binary Utilities</a></b>, <b><a href=\"/software/tar/\">GNU "
-"Tar</a></b> und vielen weiteren Paketen."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
-# | [-<a id=\"nottools\"></a>For-]{+For+} instance, The Bourne Again SHell
-# | (BASH), the PostScript interpreter <a
-# | href=\"/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html\">Ghostscript</a>, and the
-# | <a href=\"/software/libc/libc.html\">GNU C library</a> are not programming
-# | tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a id=\"nottools\"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH), the "
-#| "PostScript interpreter <a href=\"/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html"
-#| "\">Ghostscript</a>, and the <a href=\"/software/libc/libc.html\">GNU C "
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-#| "GNU Chess."
-msgid ""
-"For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH), the PostScript interpreter <a "
-"href=\"/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html\">Ghostscript</a>, and the <a "
-"href=\"/software/libc/libc.html\">GNU C library</a> are not programming "
-"tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess."
-msgstr ""
-"<a id=\"nottools\" href=\"#nottools-ref\">â</a> Beispielsweise sind die "
-"<b><a href=\"/software/bash/\">Bourne Again SHell</a></b> (BASH), der "
-"PostScript Interpreter <b><a href=\"/software/ghostscript/\">Ghostscript</"
-"a></b> und die <b><a href=\"/software/libc/\">C</a></b>-Bibliothek keine "
-"Programmierwerkzeuge. Auch <b>GnuCash</b>, <b>Gnome</b> und <b>Chess</b> "
-"nicht."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
-# | [-<a id=\"somecomponents\"></a>For-]{+For+} instance, the <a
-# | href=\"/software/libc/libc.html\">GNU C library</a>.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a id=\"somecomponents\"></a>For instance, the <a href=\"/software/libc/"
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-msgid ""
-"For instance, the <a href=\"/software/libc/libc.html\">GNU C library</a>."
-msgstr ""
-"<a id=\"somecomponents\" href=\"#somecomponents-ref\">â</a> Beispielsweise "
-"die <b><a href=\"/software/libc/\">C</a></b>-Bibliothek."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
-# | [-<a id=\"newersystems\"></a>Since-]{+Since+} that was written, a
-# | nearly-all-free Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it
-# | is not at all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue.
-# | Most of the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to
-# | make a free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of
-# | the kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a id=\"newersystems\"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free "
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-#| "system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the kernel, "
-#| "you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD."
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-"Since that was written, a nearly-all-free Windows-like system has been "
-"developed, but technically it is not at all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't "
-"really affect this issue. Most of the kernel of Solaris has been made free, "
-"but if you wanted to make a free system out of that, aside from replacing "
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-"BSD."
-msgstr ""
-"<a id=\"newersystems\" href=\"#newersystems-ref\">â</a> Seitdem dieser Text
"
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-"es nicht wirklich Einfluss auf dieses Anliegen hat. Der GroÃteil des
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-"Systemkerns wurde unter einer freien Lizenz lizenziert, aber würde man "
-"daraus ein freies System machen wollen, abgesehen von der Ersetzung der "
-"fehlenden Teile des Systemkerns, würde man es auch bei GNU oder BSD machen "
-"müssen."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
-# | [-<a id=\"gnubsd\"></a>On-]{+On+} the other hand, in the years since this
-# | article was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions
-# | of the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
-# | with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
-# | GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD
-# | depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on typical desktops
-# | can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a id=\"gnubsd\"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article "
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-#| "depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on typical "
-#| "desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD."
-msgid ""
-"On the other hand, in the years since this article was written, the GNU C "
-"Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD kernel, which made it "
-"straightforward to combine the GNU system with that kernel. Just as with "
-"GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of GNU, and are therefore called, for "
-"instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the "
-"system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly distinguish between "
-"GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD."
-msgstr ""
-"<a id=\"gnubsd\" href=\"#gnubsd-ref\">â</a> Auf der anderen Seite wurde in "
-"den Jahren seit dieser Artikel verfasst wurde, die GNU C-Bibliothek auf "
-"mehrere Versionen des BSD-Systemkerns portiert, was es einfach machte, das "
-"GNU-System mit diesem zu kombinieren. Ebenso wie GNU/Linux sind diese in der "
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-"kNetBSD, abhängig vom Systemkern des Systems, genannt. Gewöhnliche Benutzer
"
-"mit typischen Arbeitsoberflächen können zwischen GNU/Linux und GNU/*BSD
kaum "
-"unterscheiden."
-
-#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
-#. type: Content of: <div>
-msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
-msgstr ""
-" <p><strong>Anmerkungen des Ãbersetzungsteams:</strong></p>\n"
-"<ol id=\"transnote\">\n"
-" <li id=\"tn1\"><a href=\"#tn1-ref\">[*]</a> Der Name <i>GNU</i> ist ein "
-"rekursives Akronym für <i><b>G</b>NUâs <b>N</b>ot <b>U</b>nix</i> (âGNU
ist "
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-"</ol>"
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-msgid ""
-"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org";
-"\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways "
-"to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions "
-"can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\";><webmasters@gnu."
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-msgstr ""
-"Bitte senden Sie allgemeine Fragen zur FSF & GNU an <a href=\"mailto:";
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-"contact/\"><span xml:lang=\"en\" lang=\"en\">Free Software Foundation</span> "
-"kontaktieren</a>. Ungültige Verweise und andere Korrekturen oder Vorschläge
"
-"können an <a href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\";><webmasters@gnu.org></"
-"a> gesendet werden."
-
-#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
-#. replace it with the translation of these two:
-#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
-#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
-#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
-#. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
-#. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
-#. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
-#. our web pages, see <a
-#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-#. README</a>.
-#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
-#| "\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and "
-#| "contributing translations of this article."
-msgid ""
-"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
-"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing "
-"translations of this article."
-msgstr ""
-"Bei der Ãbersetzung dieses Werkes wurde mit gröÃter Sorgfalt vorgegangen. "
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-"haben, wenden Sie sich bitte an unser Ãbersetzungsteam <a href=\"mailto:web-";
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-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright © [-1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2014-]
-# | {+1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021+} Richard [-M.-] Stallman
-#, fuzzy
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2014 Richard "
-#| "M. Stallman"
-msgid "Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman"
-msgstr ""
-"Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2014 Richard M. "
-"Stallman."
-
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
-"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
-"NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
-msgstr ""
-"Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer <a rel=\"license\" href=\"//"
-"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.de\">Creative Commons "
-"Namensnennung-Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International</a>-Lizenz."
-
-#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
-#. type: Content of: <div><div>
-msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
-msgstr ""
-"<strong>Ãbersetzung:</strong> Richard Steuer, 2002. Jоегg Kоhпе <a
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-
-#. timestamp start
-#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Updated:"
-msgstr "Letzte Ãnderung:"
-
-#, fuzzy
-#~| msgid "Notes:"
-#~ msgid "Notes"
-#~ msgstr "Anmerkungen:"
-
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "<strong>by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a></"
-#~ "strong>"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "von <strong><a href=\"//www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a></strong>"
-
-#, fuzzy
-#~| msgid ""
-#~| "Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2014, 2015, "
-#~| "2016, 2017 Richard M. Stallman"
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2014, 2015, "
-#~ "2016, 2017, 2019 Richard M. Stallman"
-#~ msgstr "Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017 Richard Stallman."
-
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often "
-#~ "called “distros”). Most of them include non-free "
-#~ "software—their developers follow the philosophy associated with "
-#~ "Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also <a href=\"/distros/"
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-#~ "facilities for <a href=\"http://gnewsense.org/\";>gNewSense</a>."
-#~ msgstr ""
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-#~ msgid ""
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-#~ "been working since 1984 to make one. In the <a href=\"/gnu/manifesto.html"
-#~ "\"> The GNU Manifesto</a> we set forth the goal of developing a free Unix-"
-#~ "like system, called GNU. The <a href=\"/gnu/initial-announcement.html\"> "
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-#~ "original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU was "
-#~ "almost finished."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Was sie vorfanden war kein Zufall ‑ es war das (noch "
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-
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2014, 2015, "
-#~ "2016 Richard M. Stallman"
-#~ msgstr "Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2016 Richard Stallman."
-
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the "
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-#~ "has been a lot harder than we expected; <a href=\"/software/hurd/hurd/"
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-#~ "in 2001</a>, but it is a long way from being ready for people to use in "
-#~ "general."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Anfang der 90er hatten wir das gesamte System, abgesehen vom Systemkern, "
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-#~ "Entwicklung dieses Systemkerns ist sehr viel schwieriger gewesen, als wir "
-#~ "angenommen hatten; <a href=\"/software/hurd/hurd-and-linux\">GNU Hurd "
-#~ "begann zwar 2001 zuverlässig zu arbeiten</a>, aber ist weit davon "
-#~ "entfernt, allgemein benutzbar zu sein."
-
-#~ msgid ""
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-#~ "free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and it was "
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-#~ "the early 90s. A free operating system that exists today<a href="
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-
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "<a id=\"unexciting\"></a>These unexciting but essential components "
-#~ "include the GNU assembler, GAS and the linker, GLD, both are now part of "
-#~ "the <a href=\"/software/binutils/\">GNU Binutils</a> package, <a href=\"/"
-#~ "software/tar/\">GNU tar</a>, and more."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "<a id=\"unexciting\" href=\"#unexciting-ref\">â</a> Diese wenig "
-#~ "aufregenden, aber notwendigen Komponenten umfassen den GNU Assembler "
-#~ "<em>GAS</em> und den Linker <em>GLD</em>, die beide nun Teil von <a href="
-#~ "\"/software/binutils/\">GNU Binutils</a>, <a href=\"/software/tar/\">GNU "
-#~ "tar</a> und weiteren Paketen sind."
-
-# ohne 'computer facilities for' auf Deutsch lesbarer.
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often "
-#~ "called “distros”). Most of them include non-free "
-#~ "software—their developers follow the philosophy associated with "
-#~ "Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also <a href=\"/distros/"
-#~ "\">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The FSF supports computer "
-#~ "facilities for two of these distributions, <a href=\"http://proyecto.";
-#~ "ututo.net/cmsd/\">Ututo</a> and <a href=\"http://gnewsense.org/";
-#~ "\">gNewSense</a>."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Gegenwärtig gibt es viele verschiedene Varianten des GNU/Linux-Systems "
-#~ "(vielfach <em>Distributionen</em> genannt). Die meisten enthalten unfreie "
-#~ "Software ‑ deren Entwickler folgen der mit Linux anstatt "
-#~ "der von GNU verbundenen Philosophie. Aber es gibt auch <a href=\"/distros/"
-#~ "\">völlig freie GNU/Linux-Distributionen</a>. Die FSF unterstützt zwei "
-#~ "dieser Distributionen: <a href=\"http://proyecto.ututo.net/cmsd/\";>Ututo</"
-#~ "a> und <a href=\"http://gnewsense.org/\";>gNewSense</a>."
-
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard M. "
-#~ "Stallman"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007 Richard M. "
-#~ "Stallman."
-
-#~ msgid "What's New"
-#~ msgstr "Was gibtâs Neues"
-
-# 'foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux' invalid;
-# its forwarding / search result of 'Linux' is counterproductive; rather a
"hoax".
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further "
-#~ "reference, this page and <a href=\"/gnu/the-gnu-project.html\"> http://";
-#~ "www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If you "
-#~ "mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further reference, "
-#~ "<a href=\"http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux\";> http://";
-#~ "foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux</a> is a good URL to use."
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Möchten Sie auf <em>GNU/Linux</em> verweisen, ist dieser Artikel sowie <a
"
-#~ "href=\"/gnu/the-gnu-project\" title=\"Ãber das GNU-Projekt\">http://www.";
-#~ "gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> eine gute Wahl. Wenn Sie den "
-#~ "Betriebssystemkern Linux erwähnen und darauf verweisen möchten, ist <a "
-#~ "href=\"http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux\";>http://foldoc.";
-#~ "doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/foldoc.cgi?Linux</a> eine brauchbare Adresse."
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