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Subject: |
www/philosophy po/limit-patent-effect.translist... |
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Date: |
Wed, 31 Jan 2024 08:31:09 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 24/01/31 08:31:09
Modified files:
philosophy/po : limit-patent-effect.translist
limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.po
Added files:
philosophy : limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.html
philosophy/po : limit-patent-effect.zh-cn-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/limit-patent-effect.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- po/limit-patent-effect.translist 2 Jun 2020 09:00:54 -0000 1.11
+++ po/limit-patent-effect.translist 31 Jan 2024 13:31:09 -0000 1.12
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
<span dir="ltr">[es] <a lang="es" hreflang="es"
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.es.html">español</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[fr] <a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.fr.html">français</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[ru] <a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> </span>
+<span dir="ltr">[zh-cn] <a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a> </span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html"
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html" hreflang="x-default" />
@@ -13,4 +14,5 @@
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="es" hreflang="es"
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.es.html" title="español" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.fr.html" title="français" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.html" title="ç®ä½ä¸æ" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.po 31 Jan 2024 12:59:14 -0000 1.1
+++ po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.po 31 Jan 2024 13:31:09 -0000 1.2
@@ -260,11 +260,11 @@
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-"suggestions can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\";><"
-"webmasters@gnu.org></a>."
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:gnu@gnu.org";
+"\"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions "
+"can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:webmasters@gnu.org\";><webmasters@gnu."
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Index: limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.html
diff -N limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ limit-patent-effect.zh-cn.html 31 Jan 2024 13:31:09 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>让软件å
åä¸å©å°æ° - GNU å·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>让软件å
åä¸å©å°æ°</h2>
+
+<address class="byline"><a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a> è</address>
+
+<p>ä¸å©å¨èçæ¯ä¸ä¸ªè½¯ä»¶å¼åè
ï¼æ们ä¸ç´æ
å¿çä¸å©æäºå·²ç»çåãè软件å¼åè
åä½ä¸ºç¤¾ä¼å¤§å¤æ°çç¨æ·é½éè¦æ²¡æä¸å©ç软件ã</p>
+
+<p>对æ们ææå¨èçä¸å©é常被称为
+“软件ä¸å©”ï¼ä½è¿ä¸æ¯è¯å
·æ误导æ§ãè¿ç±»ä¸å©å¹¶ä¸æ¶åä»»ä½å
·ä½ç¨åºãç¸åï¼æ¯é¡¹ä¸å©é½æè¿°äºä¸äºå®ç¨çæ³æ³ï¼å¹¶å£°ç§°ä»»ä½æ§è¡è¯¥æ³æ³ç人é½å¯è½è¢«èµ·è¯ãå
æ¤ï¼ç§°å
¶ä¸º
+“计ç®åæä¸å©” æ´ä¸ºæç¡®ã</p>
+
+<p>ç¾å½ä¸å©å¶åº¦ä¸ä¼ç»ä¸å©è´´ä¸æ ç¾æ¥è¡¨æä¸é¡¹æ¯
“软件ä¸å©“
+èå¦ä¸é¡¹ä¸æ¯ã软件å¼åè
åºåäºå¨èæ们çä¸å©——涵çå¯ä»¥å¨è½¯ä»¶ä¸å®ç°çæ³æ³çä¸å©——åå
¶ä»ä¸å©ãä¾å¦ï¼å¦æä¸å©æ³æ³æ¯ä¸ä¸ªç©çç»æçå½¢ç¶ææ¯ä¸ä¸ªåå¦ååºï¼å没æç¨åºå¯ä»¥å®ç°è¯¥æ³æ³ï¼è¯¥ä¸å©ä¸ä¼å¨è软件é¢åãä½å¦æè·å¾ä¸å©çæ³æ³æ¯ä¸ç§è®¡ç®æ¹å¼ï¼é£ä¹è¯¥ä¸å©çç头就æå软件å¼å人ååç¨æ·ã</p>
+
+<p>è¿å¹¶ä¸æ¯è¯´è®¡ç®åæä¸å©åªç¦æ¢è½¯ä»¶ãè¿äºæ³æ³ä¹å¯ä»¥å¨ç¡¬ä»¶ä¸å®ç°——èä¸å
¶ä¸è®¸å¤å·²ç»å®ç°äºãæ¯ä¸ªä¸å©é常ä¼æ¶µç该æ³æ³ç硬件<em>å</em>软件å®ç°ã</p>
+
+<h3>软件çç¹æ®é®é¢</h3>
+
+<p>尽管å¦æ¤ï¼è½¯ä»¶ä»ç¶æ¯è®¡ç®åæä¸å©å¼èµ·ç¹æ®é®é¢çå°æ¹ãå¨è½¯ä»¶ä¸ï¼å¾å®¹æå¨ä¸ä¸ªç¨åºä¸å®ç°æ°å个æ³æ³ãå¦æå
¶ä¸ç10%æ¥æä¸å©ï¼é£å°±æå³çæ°ç¾é¡¹ä¸å©å¯¹å
¶ææå¨èã</p>
+
+<p>2004å¹´ï¼å½å
Œ
±ä¸å©åºéä¼ç丹·æç»´å½»ç
究ä¸ä¸ªå¤§åç¨åºï¼Linuxï¼<a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux</a>
+æä½ç³»ç»çå
æ
¸ï¼æ¶ï¼ä»åç°äº283项ç¾å½ä¸å©ï¼è¿äºä¸å©ä¼¼ä¹æ¶µçäºè¯¥ç¨åºæºä»£ç
ä¸å®ç°ç计ç®åæãåå¹´ï¼ä¸æ¬æå¿ä¼°è®¡ Linux å æ´ä¸ª
GNU/Linux
+ç³»ç»ç0.25%ãå°300ä¹ä»¥400ï¼æ们å¾å°çæ°é级估计æ¯ï¼æ´ä¸ªç³»ç»
<em>åå°å¤§çº¦100,000项ä¸å©çå¨è</em>ã</p>
+
+<p>å³ä½¿è¿äºä¸å©ä¸æä¸åå
+“å£è´¨”——å³ä¸å©å¶åº¦çé误——è被æé¤ï¼ç°ç¶ä¹ä¸ä¼çæ£æ¹åãæ
论æ¯100,000项ä¸å©è¿æ¯50,000项ä¸å©ï¼é½æ¯åæ
·çç¾é¾ãè¿å°±æ¯ä¸ºä»ä¹å°æ们对软件ä¸å©çæ¹è¯ä»
éäº
+”ä¸å©æµæ°“ æ “å£è´¨”
ä¸å©æ¯é误çãå½ä»æ严éçä¸å©ä¾µç¯è
æ¯è¹æå
¬å¸ï¼ä½å¹¶ä¸æ¯é常å®ä¹ç
+“ä¸å©æµæ°”ï¼æä¸ç¥éè¹æçä¸å©æ¯å¦
“è´¨é好”ï¼ä½ä¸å©ç “è´¨é”
+è¶å¥½ï¼å
¶å¨èå°±è¶å¤§ã</p>
+
+<p>æ们éè¦è§£å³æ´ä¸ªé®é¢ï¼èä¸ä»
ä»
æ¯å
¶ä¸ä¸é¨åã</p>
+
+<p>ä»ç«æ³ä¸çº æ£è¿ä¸ªé®é¢çé常建议å
æ¬æ¹åæäºä¸å©çæ
å——ä¾å¦ï¼ç¦æ¢ä¸ºè®¡ç®æ¹å¼å®è·µä»¥åæ§è¡è¿äºå®è·µçç³»ç»é¢åä¸å©ãä½è¿ç§æ¹æ³æ两个缺ç¹ã</p>
+
+<p>é¦å
ï¼ä¸å©å¾å¸åäºéæ°å¶å®ä¸å©ï¼ä»¥éåºä»»ä½å¯è½éç¨çè§åï¼ä»ä»¬ä¼æä»»ä½æ³è¦éå¶ä¸å©å®è´¨å
容çæªæ½è½¬å为å纯çå½¢å¼è¦æ±ãä¾å¦ï¼è®¸å¤ç¾å½è®¡ç®åæä¸å©æè¿°çç³»ç»å
æ¬ä¸ä¸ªç®æ¯é»è¾åå
ãä¸ä¸ªå®åºå¨ãä¸ä¸ªåå¨å¨ã以åç¨äºæ§è¡ç¹å®è®¡ç®çæ§å¶å¨ãè¿æ¯ä¸ç§æ述计ç®æºè¿è¡ç¨åºè¿è¡æç§è®¡ç®çå
¸åæ¹å¼ï¼å
¶ç®çæ¯ä½¿ä¸å©ç³è¯·ç¬¦åæ åï¼èæ¤æ
åæ¾æ¯ç¾å½ä¸å©å¶åº¦å¨è¿å»ä¸æ®µæ¶é´å
çè¦æ±ã</p>
+
+<p>å
¶æ¬¡ï¼ç¾å½å·²ç»ææåä¸ä¸é¡¹è®¡ç®åæä¸å©ï¼æ¹åæ
å以é²æ¢é¢åæ´å¤ä¸å©å¹¶ä¸è½æ¶é¤ç°æä¸å©ãæ们å°ä¸å¾ä¸çå¾
è¿20å¹´ï¼éè¿ä¸å©å°ææ¥å½»åºè§£å³è¿ä¸ªé®é¢ãæ们å¯ä»¥è®¾æ³éè¿ç«æ³åºé¤è¿äºç°æä¸å©ï¼ä½è¿å¾å¯è½æ¯è¿å®ªçï¼æé«æ³é¢å常å°åæ认为ï¼å½ä¼å¯ä»¥ä»¥çºç²å
¬ä¼æå©ä¸ºä»£ä»·æ¥æ©å¤§ç§äººç¹æï¼ä½ä¸è½åå
¶éèè¡ä¹ï¼ã</p>
+
+<h3>å¦è¾è¹å¾ï¼ä¸éå¶é¢åä¸å©ï¼èæ¯éå¶ä¸å©çæå</h3>
+
+<p>æç建议æ¯æ¹åä¸å©ç<em>æå</em>ãæ们åºè¯¥ç«æ³è§å®å¨éç¨è®¡ç®ç¡¬ä»¶ä¸å¼åãååæè¿è¡ç¨åºä¸ææä¸å©ä¾µæãè¿ç§æ¹æ³æå
个ä¼ç¹ï¼</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>å®ä¸éè¦å°ä¸å©æä¸å©ç³è¯·æç
§ “软件” æ
“é软件” æ¥åç±»ã</li>
+<li>å®ä¿æ¤å¼å人ååç¨æ·å
åç°æåæªæ¥æ½å¨ç计ç®åæä¸å©çå¨èã</li>
+<li>ä¸å©å¾å¸ä¸è½éè¿ä»¥ä¸åæ¹å¼æ°åç³è¯·æ¥ç
´åé¢æææã</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>è¿ç§æ¹æ³å¹¶ä¸å®å
¨ä½¿ç°æç计ç®åæä¸å©æ æï¼å
为å®ä»¬å°ç»§ç»éç¨äºä½¿ç¨ä¸æ硬件çå®ç°ãè¿æä¸ä¸ªå¥½å¤ï¼å®æ¶é¤äºå对该æ¹æ³æ³å¾æåç论æ®ãç¾å½å
å¹´åéè¿äºä¸é¡¹æ³å¾ï¼ä¿æ¤å¤ç§å»çå
åä¸å©è¯è®¼ï¼å
æ¤å³ä½¿å¤ç§ææ¯è·å¾ä¸å©ï¼å¤ç§å»çä¹æ¯å®å
¨çãè¿ä¸ºæçæ¹æ¡æä¾äºå
ä¾ã</p>
+
+<p>软件å¼åè
åç¨æ·éè¦ä¸å©ä¿æ¤ãè¿æ¯å¯ä¸è½ä¸ºææ人æä¾å
¨é¢ä¿æ¤çç«æ³è§£å³æ¹æ¡ãç¶åæ们å¯ä»¥éæ°å¼å§ç«äºæåä½……èä¸ç¨æ
å¿æ个éç人ä¼æ¹æ¶æ们çå·¥ä½ã</p>
+
+<div class="comment" role="complementary">
+<p><em>å¦è§ï¼<a
+href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">ãä¸å©æ¹é©è¿ä¸å¤ã</a></em></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>2012å¹´11ææ¬ææåçæ¬åè¡¨äº <a
+href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/";><cite>è¿çº¿</cite></a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>请å°å¯¹FSF&GNUçä¸è¬è¯¢é®åéå°<a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";><gnu@gnu.org></a>ãè¿æä¸äºå
¶ä»èç³»FSFç<a
+href="/contact/">æ¹å¼</a>ãå
³äºé¾æ¥é误å”å
¶ä»æ´æ£æ建议“请åä¿¡å°<a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>ã</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
+
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+æ们尽æ大åªåæ¥æä¾ç²¾ååé«è´¨éçç¿»è¯ï¼ä½é¾å
ä¼åå¨é误åä¸è¶³ãå¦ææ¨å¨è¿æ¹é¢æè¯è®ºæä¸è¬æ§ç建议ï¼è¯·åéè³
<a
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³äºè¿è¡åè°ä¸æ交翻è¯çæ´å¤ä¿¡æ¯åè§
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ãè¯è
æåã</a>ã</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨ <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a> ææã</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel="team"
+href="//savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/"><CTT></a>ï¼2024ã</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+æåæ´æ°ï¼
+
+$Date: 2024/01/31 13:31:09 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn-en.html
diff -N po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/limit-patent-effect.zh-cn-en.html 31 Jan 2024 13:31:09 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
+
+<p>Patents threaten every software developer, and the patent wars we have
+long feared have broken out. Software developers and software
+users—which, in our society, is most people—need software
+to be free of patents.</p>
+
+<p>The patents that threaten us are often called “software
+patents,” but that term is misleading. Such patents are not
+about any specific program. Rather, each patent describes some
+practical idea, and says that anyone carrying out the idea can be
+sued. So it is clearer to call them “computational idea
+patents.”</p>
+
+<p>The US patent system doesn't label patents to say this one's a
+“software patent” and that one isn't. Software developers
+are the ones who make a distinction between the patents that threaten
+us—those that cover ideas that can be implemented in
+software—and the rest. For example, if the patented idea is the
+shape of a physical structure or a chemical reaction, no program can
+implement that idea; that patent doesn't threaten the software field.
+But if the idea that's patented is a computation, that patent's barrel
+points at software developers and users.</p>
+
+<p>This is not to say that computational idea patents prohibit only
+software. These ideas can also be implemented in hardware—and
+many of them have been. Each patent typically covers both hardware
+<em>and</em> software implementations of the idea.</p>
+
+<h3>The Special Problem of Software</h3>
+
+<p>Still, software is where computational idea patents cause a special
+problem. In software, it's easy to implement thousands of ideas
+together in one program. If 10 percent are patented, that means hundreds of
+patents threaten it.</p>
+
+<p>When Dan Ravicher of the Public Patent Foundation studied one large program
+(Linux, which is the kernel of the
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"> GNU/Linux</a> operating system) in
+2004, he found 283 US patents that appeared to cover computing ideas
+implemented in the source code of that program. That same year, a
+magazine estimated that Linux was .25 percent of the whole GNU/Linux system.
+Multiplying 300 by 400 we get the order-of-magnitude estimate that the
+system as a whole was <em>threatened by around 100,000 patents</em>.</p>
+
+<p>If half of those patents were eliminated as “bad
+quality”—mistakes of the patent system, that
+is—it would not really change things. Whether 100,000 patents
+or 50,000, it's the same disaster. This is why it's a mistake to
+limit our criticism of software patents to just “patent
+trolls” or “bad quality” patents. The worst patent
+aggressor today is Apple, which isn't a “troll” by the
+usual definition; I don't know whether Apple's patents are “good
+quality,” but the better the patent's “quality” the
+more dangerous its threat.</p>
+
+<p>We need to fix the whole problem, not just part of it.</p>
+
+<p>The usual suggestions for correcting this problem legislatively
+involve changing the criteria for granting patents—for instance,
+to ban issuance of patents on computational practices and systems to
+perform them. This approach has two drawbacks.</p>
+
+<p>First, patent lawyers are clever at reformulating patents to fit
+whatever rules may apply; they transform any attempt at limiting the
+substance of patents into a requirement of mere form. For instance,
+many US computational idea patents describe a system including an
+arithmetic unit, an instruction sequencer, a memory, plus controls to
+carry out a particular computation. This is a peculiar way of
+describing a computer running a program that does a certain
+computation; it was designed to make the patent application satisfy criteria
+that the US patent system was believed for a time to require.</p>
+
+<p>Second, the US already has many thousands of computational idea
+patents, and changing the criteria to prevent issuing more would not
+get rid of the existing ones. We would have to wait almost 20 years
+for the problem to be entirely corrected through the expiration of
+these patents. We could envision legislating the abolition of these
+existing patents, but that is probably unconstitutional. (The Supreme
+Court has perversely insisted that Congress can extend private
+privileges at the expense of the public's rights but that it can't go
+in the other direction.)</p>
+
+<h3>A Different Approach: Limit Effect, Not Patentability</h3>
+
+<p>My suggestion is to change the <em>effect</em> of patents. We
+should legislate that developing, distributing, or running a program
+on generally used computing hardware does not constitute patent
+infringement. This approach has several advantages:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as
+“software” or “not software.”</li>
+<li>It provides developers and users with protection from both existing
+and potential future computational idea patents.</li>
+<li>Patent lawyers cannot defeat the intended effect by writing
+applications differently.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>This approach doesn't entirely invalidate existing computational idea
+patents, because they would continue to apply to implementations using
+special-purpose hardware. This is an advantage because it eliminates
+an argument against the legal validity of the plan. The US passed a
+law some years ago shielding surgeons from patent lawsuits, so that
+even if surgical procedures are patented, surgeons are safe. That
+provides a precedent for this solution.</p>
+
+<p>Software developers and software users need protection from patents.
+This is the only legislative solution that would provide full
+protection for all. We could then go back to competing or
+cooperating… without the fear that some stranger will wipe away
+our work.</p>
+
+<div class="comment" role="complementary">
+<p><em>See also:
+<a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">
+Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></em></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>A version of this article was first published at
+<a
href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/";>
+<cite>Wired</cite></a> in November 2012.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
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