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CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 24/03/18 05:18:39
Modified files:
philosophy/po : the-moral-and-the-legal.translist
Added files:
philosophy : the-moral-and-the-legal.ru.html
philosophy/po : the-moral-and-the-legal.ru-en.html
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CVSWeb URLs:
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Patches:
Index: po/the-moral-and-the-legal.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/the-moral-and-the-legal.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- po/the-moral-and-the-legal.translist 7 Mar 2024 14:18:13 -0000
1.3
+++ po/the-moral-and-the-legal.translist 18 Mar 2024 09:18:39 -0000
1.4
@@ -4,11 +4,13 @@
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original">[en] <a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.en.html">English</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[fr] <a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.fr.html">français</a> </span>
+<span dir="ltr">[ru] <a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a>
</span>
<span dir="ltr">[zh-cn] <a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a>
</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html"
href="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.html" hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.en.html" title="English" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.fr.html" title="français" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.zh-cn.html" title="ç®ä½ä¸æ" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: the-moral-and-the-legal.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: the-moral-and-the-legal.ru.html
diff -N the-moral-and-the-legal.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ the-moral-and-the-legal.ru.html 18 Mar 2024 09:18:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/the-moral-and-the-legal.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.99 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐоÑÐ°Ð»Ñ Ð¸ закон - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/the-moral-and-the-legal.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.ru.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.ru.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>ÐоÑÐ°Ð»Ñ Ð¸ закон</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</address>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑкий ÑÑидиÑеÑкий вопÑоÑ, ÑвÑзаннÑй Ñо
ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами, в коÑне
+Ñвоем пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½ÑавÑÑвенноÑÑи.
ÐеÑед Ñем как дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾ вопÑоÑе на
+ÑÑидиÑеÑком ÑÑовне, нам нÑжно понÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
на нÑавÑÑвенном ÑÑовне.</p>
+
+<p>ЮÑидиÑеÑкий ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² Ñебе
ÑÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑовÑеменнÑÑ
законов. Ðогда
+мÑ, ÑÑаÑÑники Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, ведем ÑÑидиÑеÑкий диÑпÑÑ, мÑ
+обÑÑждаем именно ÑÑо. Ðднако важнее вÑего
нÑавÑÑвеннÑй ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ —
+именно из него иÑÑ
одÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи Ñели. Свобода
наÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑом ÑÑовне, и
+поÑомÑ-Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñваем пÑогÑаммÑ
“ÑвободнÑми”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑи два ÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑовпадаÑÑ Ð¸ даже не
паÑаллелÑнÑ. РобÑем и Ñелом, Ñо, ÑÑо
+<i>X</i> в наÑÑоÑÑее вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾, ниÑего не
говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, пÑавомеÑно ли
+<i>X</i> Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸Ñий моÑали, и наобоÑоÑ. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедложиÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+какиÑ
-Ñо законаÑ
, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ лÑÑÑе оÑвеÑали
наÑим идеÑм моÑали.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑенденÑиÑ,
оÑобенно в СШÐ, пÑедполагаÑÑ, ÑÑо законÑ
+дикÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑавилÑно, а ÑÑо неÑ. ÐÑли бÑ
мÑ, ÑÑаÑÑники Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°
+ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, пÑбликовали ÑÑаÑÑи
или пиÑÑма, в коÑоÑÑÑ
вопÑоÑÑ
+обÑÑждаÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко на ÑÑидиÑеÑком ÑÑовне,
ÑиÑаÑели могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедполагаÑÑ,
+ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ Ñаким
пÑедположением — ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑÑдим пÑежде
+вÑего по законноÑÑи, Ñак ÑÑо еÑли дейÑÑвие
законно, Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем его и
+кÑиÑиковаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ñа конеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÐµÐ»Ñ —
поконÑиÑÑ Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹, но
+неÑпÑаведливой вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной пÑакÑикой
(неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами и <a
+href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">ÑÑлÑгами-заменами
+пÑогÑамм</a>) Ð²Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑÑиÑаем иÑ
неÑпÑаведливÑми Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸Ñий
+моÑали, Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
опÑеделÑем нÑавÑÑвенноÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+“ненаÑÑÑение законов”. Ðам нÑжно
пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿Ñблике,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° ÑделÑла внимание более
глÑÐ±Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑовнÑ, каким ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑовенÑ
+моÑали. ÐÑли в пÑоÑеÑÑе обÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ñ
ÑоÑÑедоÑоÑимÑÑ Ð½Ð° одниÑ
повеÑÑ
ноÑÑнÑÑ
+аÑпекÑаÑ
, Ð¼Ñ ÑпÑÑÑим возможноÑÑÑ
пÑодемонÑÑÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¿Ñблике наÑи более
+глÑбокие аÑгÑменÑÑ. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе
ÑиÑаÑели инÑеÑеÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко
+законноÑÑÑÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо не
ÑÑиÑаем ÑÑо ÑамÑм важнÑм.</p>
+
+<p>РнекоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
, Ð¼Ñ ÑÑвеÑждаем,
нÑавÑÑвенноÑÑÑ Ð¸ законноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ
+пÑоÑивоположное. РСШРÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение
пÑогÑамм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¼Ð° ÑиÑÑового
+ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑми незаконно;
компании, ÑеализÑÑÑие ÑиÑÑовое
+ÑпÑавление огÑаниÑениÑми, ÑказÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑо и надеÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑепÑÑаеÑе
+законноÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÑавÑÑвенноÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑ
ÑÑаÑелÑно ÑÑаÑаемÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
не ÑмеÑиваÑÑ. Ðзлом
+ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑми Ñ
позиÑий моÑали вÑзÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ
иÑение;
+безнÑавÑÑвенно, наобоÑоÑ,
<em>ÑеализовÑваÑÑ</em> ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
+огÑаниÑениÑми.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо вÑем, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑбликÑем и поÑÑлаем
незнакомÑм лÑдÑм (коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ
+пеÑедаÑÑ ÑÑо в пÑбликÑ), нам нÑжно
показÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо наÑи взглÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑоблемÑ
+пÑежде вÑего оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° моÑали. Ðаже
когда непоÑÑедÑÑвенно ÑеÑаÑÑий ÑакÑоÑ
+ÑаÑполагаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑидиÑеÑком ÑÑовне, мÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑÑдим о
+пÑогÑаммаÑ
и о ÑамиÑ
законаÑ
на
нÑавÑÑвенном ÑÑовне. Таким обÑазом, когда
+ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑ, ÑоблÑÐ´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ пÑогÑамма закон
<i>XYZ</i>, Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим: “ÐÑ
+дÑмаем, ÑÑо ÑоблÑÐ´Ð°ÐµÑ — и, Ñамое
главное, она ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑвободÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей”.</p>
+
+<p>ХоÑоÑий ÑпоÑоб показаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð° ÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð¸ Ñо,
как они ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ —
+пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
во взаимоÑвÑзи дÑÑг Ñ
дÑÑгом. ÐапÑимеÑ, вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸
+ФСÐÐ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾ ÑказаÑÑ: “ÐаÑа
пÑогÑамма <i>FOO</i> ÑодеÑжиÑ
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ <i>GNU BAR</i>,— ÑÑидиÑеÑкий
вопÑоÑ,— и не
+ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑÐµÑ ÑÑебованиÑм GNU GPL,—
ÑÑидиÑеÑкий вопÑоÑ,— а ÑÑо
+ÑÑемлÑÐµÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
полÑзоваÑелей в пÑаваÑ
,
коÑоÑÑе им должнÑ
+пÑинадлежаÑÑ,— более глÑбокий
нÑавÑÑвеннÑй вопÑоÑ.— ЧÑобÑ
+гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑе полÑзоваÑели
пÑогÑамм из <i>GNU BAR</i> полноÑÑÑÑ
+полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">ÑеÑÑÑÑмÑ
Ñвободами</a> в
+оÑноÑении иÑ
,— ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð° нÑавÑÑвенном
ÑÑовне,— Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑем Ñвое
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебоваÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение
+пÑогÑамм Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑением GNU GPL.”—
полÑзование ÑÑидиÑеÑкой влаÑÑÑÑ
+как ÑÑедÑÑвом доÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÑавÑÑвенной
Ñели.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо не единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ
оба ÑÑовнÑ. РдÑÑгиÑ
конÑекÑÑаÑ
(не
+ФСÐÐ) Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ ÑказаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо
ÑовÑем
+по-дÑÑгомÑ. Ðлавное — не забÑваÑÑ
поÑаÑе говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾ нÑавÑÑвенном
+ÑÑовне, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑиÑаÑели оÑознавали, ÑÑо ÑÑо
более глÑбокий и важнÑй из двÑÑ
+ÑÑовней.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement" role="complementary">
+<p>См. Ñакже <a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">ÐзбегаÑÑ
ÑазÑÑÑиÑелÑнÑÑ
+компÑомиÑÑов</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- end of "article reduced-width" -->
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 4.0
ÐÑемиÑнаÑ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2024/03/18 09:18:36 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/the-moral-and-the-legal.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/the-moral-and-the-legal.ru-en.html
diff -N po/the-moral-and-the-legal.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/the-moral-and-the-legal.ru-en.html 18 Mar 2024 09:18:39 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.99 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>The Moral and the Legal
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/the-moral-and-the-legal.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>The Moral and the Legal</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+
+<p>Every legal issue about free/libre software is at root a moral issue.
+Before we think about the legal level of the issue, we need to understand the
+moral level.</p>
+
+<p>The legal level is about what current laws require. When we in the free
+software movement make a legal argument, that is what we are arguing about.
+However, the moral level is what matters most—it is where our goals come
+from. Liberty resides at that level, which is why we also call it
+“libre” software.</p>
+
+<p>The two levels are not the same or even parallel. In general,
+that <i>X</i> is currently lawful says nothing about whether <i>X</i> is
+morally legitimate, and vice versa. We might propose to change some laws to
+better follow some of our moral ideas.</p>
+
+<p>There is a pervasive tendency, especially in the US, to assume that laws
+dictate right and wrong. If we in the free software movement post articles or
+letters that discuss only the legal level, readers will tend to assume we
+agree with that assumption—that what we judge by is legality above all,
+so that if an action is lawful we are unable to criticize it.</p>
+
+<p>Since our overall purpose is to end the lawful but unjust computing
+practices (nonfree software
+and <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">SaaSS</a>)
+because we judge morally that they are unjust, we must show we do not define
+morality as “not breaking any laws.” We need to keep reminding the
+public to pay attention to the deeper level, which is the moral level. If, in
+a communication, we focus on the shallow aspects alone, we miss an opportunity
+to show the public our deeper message. Because some readers are interested
+only in the legalities, we must show we don't consider those to be
+paramount.</p>
+
+<p>In some cases, we contend, morality and legality say opposite things. In
+the US, distributing a program that can break DRM is illegal; the companies
+that implement DRM point to this, and hope you will confuse legality with
+morality. We are careful not to get confused that way. Breaking DRM is
+morally admirable; what's immoral is to <em>implement</em> DRM.</p>
+
+<p>In anything we publish, and anything we send to strangers (they might
+redistribute it to the public), we have to show that our views about issues
+are primarily based on the moral level. Even when the immediately crucial
+part is at the legal level, we must show how we judge programs, and laws
+themselves, at the moral level. Thus, when people ask whether a program
+follows the <i>XYZ</i> law, we can say, “We believe it does—and,
+most importantly, it respects users' freedom.”</p>
+
+<p>Presenting the two levels in relation to each other is a very good way of
+showing them both, and also showing how they are related. For instance, when
+speaking for the FSF, it can be useful to say, “Your program <i>FOO</i>
+contains part of the source code of <i>GNU BAR</i>” (a legal issue)
+“and fails to follow the GNU GPL rules” (a legal issue),
+“and that denies other users some of the rights they are entitled
+to” (the deeper moral issue). “To ensure all users of code
+from <i>GNU BAR</i> fully enjoy the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">four
+freedoms</a> for it” (the goal at the moral level), “we invoke our
+copyright to require you to stop distributing the code that way” (using
+legal power as a tool to achieve the moral goal).</p>
+
+<p>That is not the only way to present them both. In other contexts, not the
+FSF, you might need to say something very different. The main thing is to
+remember to talk about the moral level often, so readers realize it is the
+deeper and more important of the two levels.</p>
+
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+<p>See also <a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Avoiding Ruinous
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