# Spanish translations of http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html # Copyright (C) 1999, 2004, 2010-2014, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # Carlos Rega
, 1999. # Jorge A.Colazo . 2004. # Miguel Abad Pérez, 2004 # puigpe, 2010 # Alejandro Luis Bonavita , 2011. # André Silva , 2011. # Daniel Riaño , 2012. # Dora Scilipoti#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"by Richard Stallman"
msgstr ""
"por Richard Stallman"
"a>"
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of Communications "
"of the ACM (Volume 40, Number 2)."
msgstr ""
"Este artículo se publicó en febrero de 1997 en Communications of "
"the ACM (Vol. 40, Número 2)."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"From The Road To Tycho, a collection of articles about the "
"antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096."
msgstr ""
"De El camino a Tycho, una colección de artículos sobre los "
"antecedentes de la Revolución Lunar, publicado en Luna City en 2096."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa Lenz "
"asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless she could "
"borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There was no one she "
"dared ask, except Dan."
msgstr ""
"Para Dan Halbert el viaje a Tycho comenzó en la universidad, cuando un día "
"Lissa Lenz le pidió prestado el ordenador. El suyo se había averiado, y a "
"menos que consiguiera otro, sería reprobada en su trabajo fin de trimestre. "
"No se atrevía a pedírselo a nadie excepto a Dan."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent her his "
"computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you could go "
"to prison for many years for letting someone else read your books, the very "
"idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been taught since "
"elementary school that sharing books was nasty and wrong—something "
"that only pirates would do."
msgstr ""
"Esto puso a Dan en un dilema. Tenía que ayudarla, pero si le prestaba su "
"ordenador ella podría leer sus libros. Dejando de lado el peligro de "
"enfrentarse a una condena de muchos años de cárcel por permitir que otra "
"persona leyera sus libros, la sola idea le turbó al principio. Como a todo "
"el mundo, desde la escuela primaria le habían enseñado que compartir libros "
"es sucio y malo, cosa de piratas."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software Protection "
"Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software class, Dan had "
"learned that each book had a copyright monitor that reported when and where "
"it was read, and by whom, to Central Licensing. (They used this information "
"to catch reading pirates, but also to sell personal interest profiles to "
"retailers.) The next time his computer was networked, Central Licensing "
"would find out. He, as computer owner, would receive the harshest "
"punishment—for not taking pains to prevent the crime."
msgstr ""
"Además, no había muchas posibilidades de evitar que la APS —la "
"Autoridad de Protección del Software— lo descubriese. En sus clases de "
"programación Dan había aprendido que todo libro tenía un control de "
"copyright que informaba a la Oficina Central de Licencias de cuándo, dónde y "
"quién lo había leído. Usaban esa información no solo para atrapar a los "
"piratas de la lectura, sino también para vender perfiles personales a las "
"empresas. La próxima vez que su ordenador se conectase a la red, la Oficina "
"Central de Licencias lo descubriría y él, como propietario del ordenador, "
"recibiría un durísimo castigo por no tomar las medidas adecuadas para evitar "
"el delito."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She might "
"want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she came from a "
"middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, let alone her "
"reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way she could graduate. "
"He understood this situation; he himself had had to borrow to pay for all "
"the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those fees went to the "
"researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he "
"could hope that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would "
"bring in enough to repay this loan.)"
msgstr ""
"Naturalmente, no estaba dicho que Lissa tuviera la intención de leer sus "
"libros. Probablemente necesitaba el ordenador solo para escribir el "
"proyecto. Pero Dan sabía que Lissa provenía de una familia de clase media "
"que a duras penas se podía permitir pagar la matrícula, y mucho menos las "
"tasas de lectura. Leer sus libros podía ser la única manera que tenía de "
"terminar la carrera. Dan entendía la situación: él mismo había pedido un "
"préstamo para costearse los artículos de investigación que leía (el 10% de "
"ese dinero iba a parar a los investigadores que los habían escrito, y como "
"Dan pretendía hacer carrera en la universidad, esperaba que sus propios "
"artículos de investigación, en caso de ser citados frecuentemente, le "
"reportaran los suficientes beneficios como para pagar el préstamo)."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the "
"library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to pay. "
"There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages without "
"government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial and nonprofit "
"journal publishers had begun charging fees for access. By 2047, libraries "
"offering free public access to scholarly literature were a dim memory."
msgstr ""
"Más tarde Dan descubrió que había habido un tiempo en el que todo el mundo "
"podía ir a una biblioteca y leer artículos, incluso libros, sin tener que "
"pagar. Había investigadores que podían leer miles de páginas sin necesidad "
"de becas de biblioteca. Pero desde los años noventa del siglo anterior, "
"tanto las editoriales comerciales como las no comerciales habían empezado a "
"cobrar por el acceso a los artículos. En 2047, las bibliotecas que ofrecían "
"acceso público y gratuito a los artículos académicos eran ya solo un vago "
"recuerdo."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central Licensing. "
"They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in software, Frank "
"Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool, and used it to skip "
"over the copyright monitor code when reading books. But he had told too "
"many friends about it, and one of them turned him in to the SPA for a reward "
"(students deep in debt were easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank "
"was in prison, not for pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger."
msgstr ""
"Por supuesto que había formas de evitar los controles de la APS y de la "
"Oficina Central de Licencias, pero eran ilegales. Dan había tenido un "
"compañero de clase en Programación, Frank Martucci, que había conseguido un "
"depurador ilegal y lo usaba para eludir el control de copyright de los "
"libros. Pero se lo había contado a demasiados amigos, y uno de ellos lo "
"denunció a la APS para obtener una recompensa (era fácil inducir a la "
"traición a los estudiantes endeudados). En 2047 Frank estaba en la cárcel, "
"pero no por lecturas piratas, sino por posesión de un depurador."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have debugging "
"tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD or downloadable "
"over the net. But ordinary users started using them to bypass copyright "
"monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this had become their principal "
"use in actual practice. This meant they were illegal; the debuggers' "
"developers were sent to prison."
msgstr ""
"Dan supo más tarde que había habido un tiempo en el que cualquiera podía "
"tener un depurador. Incluso había herramientas de depuración libres "
"disponibles en CD o que se podían descargar de la red, pero los usuarios "
"comunes empezaron a usarlas para saltarse los controles de copyright, y "
"finalmente un juez dictaminó que este se había convertido en el principal "
"uso que se les daba en la práctica. Eso quería decir que eran ilegales, y "
"los desarrolladores de esas herramientas de depuración fueron a parar a la "
"cárcel."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger vendors in "
"2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to officially licensed and "
"bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in software class was kept behind "
"a special firewall so that it could be used only for class exercises."
msgstr ""
"Obviamente, los programadores necesitan herramientas de depuración, pero en "
"2047 los vendedores de estas herramientas solo distribuían copias numeradas, "
"y solo a programadores registrados y autorizados. El depurador que Dan había "
"usado en sus clases de programación estaba detrás de un cortafuegos especial "
"para que solo se pudiese utilizar en los ejercicios de clase."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a "
"modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free "
"kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around the "
"turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like debuggers—"
"you could not install one if you had one, without knowing your computer's "
"root password. And neither the FBI nor Microsoft Support would tell you "
"that."
msgstr ""
"También se podían eludir los controles de copyright instalando un núcleo de "
"sistema modificado. Con el tiempo Dan averiguó que a principios de siglo "
"habían existido núcleos, e incluso sistemas operativos completos, que eran "
"libres. Pero ahora no solo eran ilegales, como los depuradores, sino que "
"—aun en caso de poseer uno de tales sistemas o núcleos— tampoco "
"se podían instalar sin conocer la clave del administrador de nuestro "
"ordenador, cosa que ni el FBI ni el servicio técnico de Microsoft estaban "
"dispuestos a revelar."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he "
"couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to speak "
"with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask for help, "
"that could mean she loved him too."
msgstr ""
"Dan llegó a la conclusión de que no podía prestarle sin más el ordenador a "
"Lissa. Sin embargo, no podía negarse a ayudarla porque estaba enamorado de "
"ella. Cada oportunidad de hablarle lo llenaba de alegría, y el hecho de que "
"le hubiese pedido ayuda podía significar que ella también lo amaba."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more unthinkable—he "
"lent her the computer, and told her his password. This way, if Lissa read "
"his books, Central Licensing would think he was reading them. It was still "
"a crime, but the SPA would not automatically find out about it. They would "
"only find out if Lissa reported him."
msgstr ""
"Dan resolvió el dilema haciendo algo aún más inconcebible: le prestó el "
"ordenador y le dio su clave. De esa manera, si Lissa leía sus libros, la "
"Oficina Central de Licencias pensaría que quien estaba leyéndolos era él. "
"Seguía siendo un delito, pero la APS no lo detectaría automáticamente: solo "
"podrían descubrirlo si Lissa lo denunciaba."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his own "
"password, it would be curtains for both of them as students, regardless of "
"what she had used it for. School policy was that any interference with "
"their means of monitoring students' computer use was grounds for "
"disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did anything "
"harmful—the offense was making it hard for the administrators to check "
"on you. They assumed this meant you were doing something else forbidden, "
"and they did not need to know what it was."
msgstr ""
"Si se descubría que le había dado su clave a Lissa, la carrera universitaria "
"acabaría para ambos, independientemente del uso que ella le hubiera dado a "
"la clave. La política de la universidad era que cualquier interferencia en "
"los métodos que utilizaba para controlar el uso de los ordenadores era "
"motivo para tomar medidas disciplinarias. No importaba si se había hecho o "
"no algún daño, el delito consistía en el mero hecho de dificultar el "
"control. Se daba por sentado que se estaba haciendo algo prohibido, no era "
"preciso saber qué exactamente."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly. Instead "
"they were banned from the school computer systems, and would inevitably fail "
"all their classes."
msgstr ""
"Generalmente no se expulsaba a los estudiantes por este motivo —al "
"menos no directamente. Más bien, se les prohibía el acceso a las redes de "
"ordenadores de la universidad, con lo que inevitablemente serían reprobados "
"en todas las asignaturas."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started only in "
"the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began using computers. "
"Previously, universities maintained a different approach to student "
"discipline; they punished activities that were harmful, not those that "
"merely raised suspicion."
msgstr ""
"Dan supo más tarde que ese tipo de políticas universitarias habían empezado "
"en la década de 1980, cuando los estudiantes comenzaron a usar ordenadores "
"masivamente. Antes de eso, las universidades mantenían una actitud diferente "
"en relación con la disciplina estudiantil: se castigaban las actividades "
"perniciosas, no las que simplemente levantaran sospechas."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to their "
"marriage, and also led them to question what they had been taught about "
"piracy as children. The couple began reading about the history of "
"copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on copying, and even "
"the original United States Constitution. They moved to Luna, where they "
"found others who had likewise gravitated away from the long arm of the SPA. "
"When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the universal right to read soon "
"became one of its central aims."
msgstr ""
"Lissa no denunció a Dan a la APS Su decisión de ayudarla los condujo al "
"matrimonio y también a que cuestionasen lo que les habían enseñado acerca de "
"la piratería cuando eran niños. Empezaron a leer acerca de la historia del "
"copyright, la Unión Soviética y sus restricciones sobre la copia, e incluso "
"leyeron la Constitución original de los Estados Unidos de América. Se "
"marcharon a Luna[1]"
"sup>, donde se encontraron con otros que al igual que ellos intentaban "
"librarse del largo brazo de la APS Cuando empezó el Levantamiento de Tycho, "
"en 2062, el derecho universal a leer se convirtió en una de sus proclamas "
"fundamentales."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Join our mailing list "
"about the dangers of eBooks."
msgstr ""
"Inscríbase a nuestra "
"lista de correo sobre los peligros de los libros electrónicos."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Computer-enforced restrictions on lending or reading books (and other kinds "
"of published works) are known as DRM, short for “Digital Restrictions "
"Management”. To eliminate DRM, the Free Software Foundation has "
"established the Defective by "
"Design campaign. We ask for your support."
msgstr ""
"Las restricciones informáticas impuestas sobre el préstamo o la lectura de "
"libros (y otros tipos de publicaciones) se conocen como DRM, sigla en inglés "
"de “Digital Restrictions Management” (gestión digital de "
"restricciones). Para acabar con el DRM, la fundación Free Software "
"Foundation ha emprendido la campaña Defective by Design, para la que solicitamos su apoyo."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"The following note has been updated several times since the first "
"publication of the story."
msgstr ""
"La siguiente nota ha sido actualizada varias veces después de la primera "
"publicación del cuento."
# | The {+battle for the+} right to read is [-a battle-] {+already+} being
# | [-fought today.-] {+fought.+} Although it may take 50 years for our
# | [-present way of life-] {+past freedoms+} to fade into obscurity, most of
# | the specific {+repressive+} laws and practices described above have
# | already been proposed; [-many-] {+some+} have been enacted into law in the
# | US and elsewhere. In the US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act
# | (DMCA) [-established the legal basis-] {+gave explicit government
# | backing+} to [-restrict-] the [-reading and lending of computerized books
# | (and other works-] {+computer-enforced restrictions known+} as [-well).-]
# | {+DRM, by making the distribution of programs that can break DRM a
# | crime.+} The European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001
# | copyright [-directive. In France, under the DADVSI law adopted-]
# | {+directive,+} in [-2006, mere possession of-] a [-copy of DeCSS, the free
# | program to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.-] {+form not quite as
# | strong.+}
#. type: Content of:
#| msgid ""
#| "The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may take "
#| "50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most of the "
#| "specific laws and practices described above have already been proposed; "
#| "many have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the US, the "
#| "1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal basis "
#| "to restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and other "
#| "works as well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions in a "
#| "2001 copyright directive. In France, under the DADVSI law adopted in "
#| "2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free program to decrypt "
#| "video on a DVD, is a crime."
msgid ""
"The battle for the right to read is already being fought. Although it may "
"take 50 years for our past freedoms to fade into obscurity, most of the "
"specific repressive laws and practices described above have already been "
"proposed; some have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the "
"US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) gave explicit "
"government backing to the computer-enforced restrictions known as DRM, by "
"making the distribution of programs that can break DRM a crime. The "
"European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright directive, "
"in a form not quite as strong."
msgstr ""
"La batalla por el derecho a leer se está librando ya en la actualidad. "
"Aunque pudieran pasar 50 años antes de que nuestras libertades de antaño "
"desaparecieran, muchas de las leyes y practicas represivas descritas en el "
"relato ya han sido propuestas, y en algunos casos promulgadas, tanto en los "
"EE. UU. como en otros países. En 1998, mediante la DMCA (Ley de Copyright del Milenio "
"Digital), el Gobierno de los EE. UU. respaldó explícitamente el DRM, "
"convirtiendo en delito la distribución de programas que pudieran vulnerar "
"esas restricciones digitales. En la Unión Europea se impusieron en 2001 "
"restricciones similares, aunque no tan fuertes, mediante una directiva sobre "
"el copyright. "
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"The US campaigns to impose such rules on the rest of the world through so-"
"called “free trade” treaties. Business-supremacy treaties is a "
"more fitting term for them, since they are designed to give business "
"dominion over nominally democratic states. The DMCA's policy of "
"criminalizing programs that break DRM is one of many unjust policies that "
"these treaties impose across a wide range of fields."
msgstr ""
"Los EE. UU. tratan de imponer esas normas al resto del mundo mediante los "
"llamados tratados de «libre comercio». Pero sería más apropiado llamarlos tratados de "
"supremacía empresarial, ya que están diseñados para otorgar al mundo de "
"los negocios el dominio sobre Estados teóricamente democráticos. La política "
"de la DMCA de criminalizar los programas que permiten saltarse el DRM es una "
"de las muchas políticas injustas que esos tratados imponen en multitud de "
"ámbitos. "
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"The US has imposed DMCA requirements on Australia, Panama, Colombia and "
"South Korea through bilateral agreements, and on countries such as Costa "
"Rica through another treaty, CAFTA. Obama has escalated the campaign with "
"two new proposed treaties, the TPP and the TTIP. The TPP would impose the "
"DMCA, along with many other wrongs, on 12 countries on the Pacific Ocean. "
"The TTIP would impose similar strictures on Europe. Americans should demand "
"their congressional representatives reject the attempt to approve the TPP in "
"the lame-duck session after the 2016 election."
msgstr ""
"Los EE. UU. han impuesto requisitos similares a los contenidos en la DMCA en "
"Australia, Panamá, Colombia y Corea del Sur mediante acuerdos bilaterales, y "
"en países como Costa Rica mediante otro tratado, el CAFTA. Obama ha "
"intensificado la campaña con la propuesta de dos nuevos tratados: TTP y "
"TTIP. El TTP impondría la DMCA, además de muchos otros perjuicios, a doce "
"países del Pacífico. El TTIP impondría restricciones similares en Europa. "
"Los estadounidenses deberían exigir a sus representantes en el Congreso que "
"se opongan al intento de aprobar el TTP en la sesión previa a la "
"constitución del nuevo Congreso tras la elecciones de 2016. "
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"With Windows Vista, Microsoft admitted it had built in a back door: "
"Microsoft can use it to forcibly install software “upgrades,” "
"even if users consider them rather to be downgrades. It can also order all "
"machines running Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main "
"purpose of Vista's clampdown on users was to impose DRM that users can't "
"overcome."
msgstr ""
"Microsoft ha admitido la incorporación en Windows Vista de una puerta "
"trasera: Microsoft puede usarla para instalar por la fuerza "
"«actualizaciones» de software, incluso aunque los usuarios las consideren "
"más bien «involuciones». También puede ordenar a todas las máquinas "
"equipadas con Vista que rehúsen ejecutar ciertos controladores de "
"dispositivos. El principal propósito de las medidas restrictivas de Vista "
"era imponer a los usuarios un DRM que no pudieran saltarse. "
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Even the World Wide Web Consortium has fallen under the shadow of the "
"copyright industry; it is on the verge of approving a DRM system as an "
"official part of the web specifications."
msgstr ""
"La sombra de la industria del copyright planea incluso sobre el World "
"Wide Web Consortium, que está a punto de aprobar un sistema DRM como "
"parte oficial de las especificaciones de la red."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Nonfree software tends to have abusive features of "
"many kinds, which support the conclusion that you can never trust a nonfree program"
"a>. We must insist on free (libre) software only, and reject nonfree "
"programs."
msgstr ""
"El software que no es libre suele presentar todo "
"tipo de características abusivas, lo que respalda la conclusión de que "
"nunca se "
"puede confiar en un programa que no sea libre. Debemos exigir software "
"libre, y rechazar programas privativos."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002. This "
"is the idea that the FBI and Microsoft will keep the root passwords for your "
"personal computers, and not let you have them."
msgstr ""
"Una de las ideas que se presentan en este cuento se hizo realidad en 2002. "
"Es la idea de que el FBI y Microsoft guarden las claves de administrador de "
"los ordenadores personales, y no las entreguen a los usuarios."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"The proponents of this scheme gave early versions names such as “"
"trusted computing” and “Palladium”, but as ultimately put "
"into use, it is called “secure boot”."
msgstr ""
"Los promotores de esta idea ponían a las versiones iniciales nombres como "
"«computación confiable» y «Palladium», aunque últimamente lo llaman "
"«arranque seguro»."
# | What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional sense;
# | no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a signature and
# | encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored in your computer.
# | This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web sites that cooperate with
# | Microsoft, the ultimate control over what the user can do on [-his-]
# | {+per+} own computer. {+Microsoft is likely to use that control on behalf
# | of the FBI when asked: it already shows the NSA security bugs
# | in Windows to exploit.+}
#. type: Content of:
#| msgid ""
#| "What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional sense; "
#| "no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a signature and "
#| "encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored in your computer. "
#| "This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web sites that cooperate with "
#| "Microsoft, the ultimate control over what the user can do on his own "
#| "computer."
msgid ""
"What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional sense; no "
"person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a signature and "
"encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored in your computer. "
"This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web sites that cooperate with "
"Microsoft, the ultimate control over what the user can do on per own "
"computer. Microsoft is likely to use that control on behalf of the FBI when "
"asked: it already shows the "
"NSA security bugs in Windows to exploit."
msgstr ""
"Lo que Microsoft conserva no es exactamente una contraseña en el sentido "
"tradicional del término, o sea, nadie la teclea en un terminal. Se trata más "
"bien de una clave de firma y cifrado que se corresponde con una segunda "
"clave almacenada en el ordenador del usuario. Esto confiere a Microsoft, y "
"potencialmente a cualquier sitio web que colabore con Microsoft, el control "
"último sobre lo que el usuario puede hacer en su propio ordenador. Es "
"probable que Microsoft utilice este control a petición del FBI: ya le enseña "
"a la NSA los errores de seguridad de Windows para que pueda aprovecharse de "
"ellos."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Secure boot can be implemented in a way that permits the user to specify the "
"signature key and decide what software to sign. In practice, PCs designed "
"for Windows 10 carry only Microsoft's key, and whether the machine's owner "
"can install any other system (such as GNU/Linux) is under Microsoft's "
"control. We call this restricted boot."
msgstr ""
"El arranque seguro se puede implementar de modo que permita al usuario "
"especificar la clave y decidir qué programa de firma utilizar. En la "
"práctica, los PC diseñados para Windows 10 llevan solo la clave de "
"Microsoft, y aunque el propietario de la máquina pueda instalar cualquier "
"otro sistema (como GNU/Linux), lo hará bajo el control de Microsoft. A esto "
"lo llamamos arranque restringido."
# | [-When-]{+In 1997, when+} this story was first [-written,-] {+published,+}
# | the SPA was threatening small Internet service providers, demanding they
# | permit the SPA to monitor all users. Most ISPs surrendered when
# | threatened, because they [-cannot-] {+could not+} afford to fight back in
# | court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the
# | demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit, but
# | [-obtained-] the [-DMCA, which-] {+DMCA+} gave [-them-] {+it+} the power
# | [-they-] {+it+} sought.
#. type: Content of:
#| msgid ""
#| "When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small Internet "
#| "service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. "
#| "Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot afford to "
#| "fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, "
#| "California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The SPA later "
#| "dropped the suit, but obtained the DMCA, which gave them the power they "
#| "sought."
msgid ""
"In 1997, when this story was first published, the SPA was threatening small "
"Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all "
"users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they could not afford "
"to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, "
"California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped "
"the suit, but the DMCA gave it the power it sought."
msgstr ""
"Cuando se escribió esta historia por primera vez, en 1997, la SPA estaba "
"amenazando a pequeños proveedores de servicios de Internet (ISP), exigiéndoles que le permitieran "
"espiar a todos los usuarios. La mayoría de los ISP se rindieron ante la "
"amenaza porque no pueden permitirse litigar en los tribunales. Uno de estos "
"proveedores, Community ConneXion de Oakland, California rechazó "
"esas exigencias y fue demandado. Posteriormente la SPA retiró la demanda; "
"sin embargo, la DMCA le otorgó el poder que buscaba."
# | The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has
# | been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance.
# | The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts
# | like one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it
# | invites people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror
# | campaign in Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people
# | sharing software would be [-raped.-] {+raped in prison.+}
#. type: Content of:
#| msgid ""
#| "The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has "
#| "been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. "
#| "The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts "
#| "like one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it "
#| "invites people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror "
#| "campaign in Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people "
#| "sharing software would be raped."
msgid ""
"The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has been "
"replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. The BSA "
"is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like one. "
"Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people "
"to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in "
"Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software "
"would be raped in prison."
msgstr ""
"La SPA (que en el relato aparece como APS) es la sigla de la Software "
"Publishers Association, ha sido reemplazada en su labor cuasipolicial "
"por la Business Software Alliance. Hoy en día la BSA no es un "
"cuerpo policial oficial, aunque de hecho actúa como tal. Con métodos que "
"recuerdan a los empleados en la antigua Unión Soviética, invitan a la gente "
"a informar sobre las actividades de sus compañeros de trabajo y amigos. En "
"una campaña de terror organizada por la BSA en Argentina, en 2001, se "
"lanzaron veladas amenazas de que las personas que comparten software serían "
"violadas en prisión."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"The university security policies described above are not imaginary. For "
"example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this message "
"upon login:"
msgstr ""
"Las políticas de seguridad descritas anteriormente no son imaginarias. Por "
"ejemplo, un ordenador de una universidad del área de Chicago mostraba este "
"mensaje al iniciar una sesión:"
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using this "
"computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority are "
"subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and recorded "
"by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals improperly "
"using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the activities of "
"authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this system expressly "
"consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such monitoring reveals "
"possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of University regulations "
"system personnel may provide the evidence of such monitoring to University "
"authorities and/or law enforcement officials."
msgstr ""
"Este sistema es para el uso exclusivo de usuarios autorizados. Las personas "
"que utilicen este sistema informático sin autorización o abusen de sus "
"permisos están sometidas al control y al registro de todas sus actividades "
"por parte de los administradores del sistema. Durante la monitorización de "
"quienes usan indebidamente el sistema o mientras se efectúen tareas de "
"mantenimiento, las actividades de los usuarios autorizados también podrán "
"ser monitorizadas. Toda persona que use este sistema acepta expresamente "
"dicha monitorización y se le advierte que si la monitorización revelase "
"posibles pruebas de actividades ilegales o violación de los reglamentos de "
"la Universidad, los administradores del sistema podrán entregar a las "
"autoridades universitarias y/o los agentes de la ley las pruebas derivadas "
"de dicha monitorización."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most "
"everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it."
msgstr ""
"Es una curiosa forma de entender la Cuarta Enmienda: presionar a casi todo "
"el mundo para que acceda a renunciar de antemano a los derechos que la "
"enmienda les otorga. "
#. type: Content of:
#| msgid ""
#| "The battle for the right to read is already in progress, The enemy is "
#| "organized, while we are not, so it is going against us. Here are "
#| "articles about bad things that have happened since the original "
#| "publication of this article."
msgid ""
"The battle for the right to read is already in progress, The enemy is "
"organized, while we are not, so it is going against us."
msgstr ""
"La batalla por el derecho a leer ya está en marcha. El enemigo está "
"organizado pero nosotros no, lo cual nos perjudica. "
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Today's commercial ebooks "
"abolish readers' traditional freedoms. Amazon's e-book reader product, "
"which I call the “Amazon Swindle” because it's designed to "
"swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of readers of books, is run "
"by software with several demonstrated Orwellian functionalities. Any one of them calls for "
"rejecting the product completely:"
msgstr ""
"Los libros electrónicos de hoy en día acaban con las libertades tradicionales de los lectores. El "
"lector electrónico de Amazon, al cual llamo “Amazon Swindle” [2] utiliza el "
"engaño para privar a los usuarios de dichas libertades mediante la ejecución "
"de un software con demostradas funcionalidades”orwelianas”. Cualquiera de ellas es motivo suficiente "
"para rechazar por completo el producto."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"It spies on everything the user does: it reports which book the user is "
"reading, and which page, and it reports when the user highlights text, and "
"any notes the user enters."
msgstr ""
"Espía todo lo que el usuario hace: da parte sobre qué libro está leyendo, y "
"qué página, e informa cuando el usuario marca un texto o hace alguna "
"anotación."
#. type: Content of:
msgid "It has DRM, which is intended to block users from sharing copies."
msgstr "Tiene DRM, para evitar que los usuarios compartan copias."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"It has a back door with which Amazon can remotely erase any book. In 2009, "
"it erased thousands of copies of 1984, by George Orwell."
msgstr ""
"Tiene una puerta trasera que permite a Amazon borrar por control remoto "
"cualquier libro. En 2009 borraron miles de copias de 1984, de George Orwell."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"In case all that isn't Orwellian enough, there is a universal back door with "
"which Amazon can remotely change the software, and introduce any other form "
"of nastiness."
msgstr ""
"Por si todo eso no fuera suficientemente “orwelliano”, hay una puerta "
"trasera universal mediante la cual Amazon puede cambiar el software por "
"control remoto, y hacer cualquier otra fechoría."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Amazon's e-book distribution is oppressive, too. It identifies the user and "
"records what books the user obtains. It also requires users to agree to an "
"antisocial contract that they won't share copies with others. My conscience "
"tells me that, if I had agreed to such a contract, the lesser evil would be "
"to defy it and share copies anyway; however, to be entirely good, we should "
"not agree to it in the first place."
msgstr ""
"La distribución de los libros electrónicos de Amazon también es despótica. "
"Identifica al usuario y registra los libros que obtiene. También exige a los "
"usuarios que acepten el antisocial contrato por el que no deberán compartir "
"copias con nadie. Mi conciencia me dice que, habiendo firmado tal contrato, "
"el mal menor sería desobedecerlo y compartir copias; sin embargo, lo que "
"sería bueno del todo es no aceptar tal contrato desde el principio."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need to "
"organize and fight. The FSF's "
"Defective by Design campaign has made a start; subscribe to the "
"campaign's mailing list to lend a hand. And join the FSF to help fund our work."
msgstr ""
"Si queremos parar las malas noticias y producir alguna buena, tenemos que "
"organizarnos y luchar. La campaña de la FSF Defective by Design (Defectuoso a propósito) ya "
"ha comenzado; inscríbase en la lista de correo de la campaña para colaborar, "
"y únase a la FSF para ayudar a financiar nuestra labor."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"This essay is published in Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
"Essays of Richard M. Stallman."
msgstr ""
"Este ensayo está publicado en el libro Software libre para una sociedad libre: "
"Selección de ensayos de Richard M. Stallman."
#. type: Content of:
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <address@hidden>. There are also other ways "
"to contact the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions "
"can be sent to <address@hidden"
"org>."
msgstr ""
"Envíe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <address@hidden>. Existen también otros "
"medios para contactar con la FSF. For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
#. our web pages, see Translations
#. README.
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Please see the Translations README for information on coordinating and submitting "
"translations of this article."
msgstr ""
"El equipo de traductores al español se esfuerza por ofrecer traducciones "
"fieles al original y de buena calidad, pero no estamos libres de cometer "
"errores. Consulte la Guía para las traducciones para obtener "
"información sobre la coordinación y el envío de traducciones de las páginas "
"de este sitio web."
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016 Richard "
"Stallman"
msgstr ""
"Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016 Richard "
"Stallman"
#. type: Content of:
msgid ""
"This page is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-"
"NoDerivatives 4.0 International License."
msgstr ""
"Esta página está bajo licencia Creative Commons "
"Reconocimiento-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of:
#. timestamp start
#. type: Content of:
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Última actualización:"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "In 2001, Disney-funded Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the SSSCA "
#~ "that would require every new computer to have mandatory copy-restriction "
#~ "facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following the Clipper chip and "
#~ "similar US government key-escrow proposals, this shows a long-term trend: "
#~ "computer systems are increasingly set up to give absentees with clout "
#~ "control over the people actually using the computer system. The SSSCA "
#~ "was later renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, which was glossed as the "
#~ "“Consume But Don't Try Programming Act”."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "En 2001 el senador Hollings —que recibe financiamiento de la "
#~ "empresa Disney— propuso un proyecto de ley llamado SSSCA (Ley "
#~ "de certificación y estándares para los sistemas de seguridad), con el "
#~ "cual se requeriría que en cada computadora nueva se implementen funciones "
#~ "para restringir la realización de copias, de modo tal que dichas "
#~ "restricciones no puedan ser evadidas por los usuarios. En la misma línea "
#~ "que la del Clipper chip y otras propuestas similares del "
#~ "gobierno de los EE. UU. sobre la custodia de claves de encriptación, esta "
#~ "es una tendencia de mucho tiempo: los sistemas de computación se "
#~ "configuran cada vez más para ceder a poderosos terceros ausentes el "
#~ "control de las personas que utilizan tales sistemas. Posteriormente la "
#~ "sigla SSSCA se cambió por la impronunciable CBDTPA, que "
#~ "sería más correcto llamar «Consume But Don't Try Programming Act"
#~ "cite>» (Ley «consuma pero ni siquiera intente programar»)."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter. They "
#~ "are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not press "
#~ "these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control, the danger "
#~ "is once again higher."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Poco después los republicanos tomaron el control del Senado de los EE. "
#~ "UU. Ellos están menos atados a Hollywood que los demócratas, por eso no "
#~ "presionaron tanto con estas propuestas. Ahora que los demócratas "
#~ "retomaron el control, el peligro se ha incrementado nuevamente."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed “Free "
#~ "Trade” Area of the Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules "
#~ "on all the countries in the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the "
#~ "so-called free trade treaties, which are actually designed to give "
#~ "business increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like "
#~ "the DMCA is typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by "
#~ "Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and others."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "En 2001 los EE. UU. comenzaron a intentar utilizar la propuesta del Área "
#~ "de «Libre Comercio» de las Américas (ALCA), tratado que impone las mismas "
#~ "normas en todos los países del hemisferio occidental. El ALCA es uno de "
#~ "los tratados llamados de «libre comercio» que están realmente diseñados "
#~ "para dar a las empresas mayor poder sobre los gobiernos democráticos; la "
#~ "imposición de leyes como la DMCA es típica de este espíritu. El ALCA fue "
#~ "efectivamente eliminado por Lula, el presidente de Brasil, que rechazó la "
#~ "exigencia de la DMCA y otras similares."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such as "
#~ "Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade” "
#~ "agreements, and on countries such as Costa Rica through another treaty, "
#~ "CAFTA. Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a “free "
#~ "trade” agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador had adopted "
#~ "something like the DMCA in 2003."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Desde entonces, los EE. UU. han impuesto requisitos similares a países "
#~ "como Australia y México mediante acuerdos bilaterales de «libre "
#~ "comercio», y a países como Costa Rica a través de otro tratado llamado "
#~ "CAFTA. El Presidente de Ecuador, Correa, se negó a firmar un tratado de "
#~ "«libre comercio» con los EE. UU., pero he oído que Ecuador aprobó una "
#~ "ley similar a la DMCA en 2003."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as “trusted "
#~ "computing” and “Palladium”. We call it “treacherous computing” "
#~ "because the effect is to make your computer obey companies even to the "
#~ "extent of disobeying and defying you. This was implemented in 2007 as "
#~ "part of Windows Vista; we expect "
#~ "Apple to do something similar. In this scheme, it is the manufacturer "
#~ "that keeps the secret code, but the FBI would have little trouble getting "
#~ "it."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Los impulsores de este esquema le han dado nombres tales como "
#~ "«computación confiable» y «Palladium». Nosotros lo llamamos «computación traicionera», porque el "
#~ "efecto es hacer que su ordenador obedezca a las empresas hasta el punto "
#~ "de desobedecerle y desafiarle a usted. Esto se implementó en 2007 como "
#~ "parte de Windows Vista; suponemos "
#~ "que Apple hará algo similar. En este esquema, es el fabricante el que "
#~ "conserva el código secreto, pero el FBI no tendría dificultad para "
#~ "conseguirlo."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft can "
#~ "forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running Vista to "
#~ "refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many "
#~ "restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that "
#~ "users can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the "
#~ " Defective by Design "
#~ "campaign."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Windows Vista también otorga poderes adicionales a Microsoft; por "
#~ "ejemplo, Microsoft puede instalar actualizaciones por la fuerza, como así "
#~ "también hacer que todos los equipos se nieguen a ejecutar un controlador "
#~ "de dispositivo determinado. El objetivo principal de las muchas "
#~ "restricciones de Vista es la imposición del DRM (Gestión Digital de "
#~ "Restricciones) que los usuarios no pueden superar. Debido a esta amenaza "
#~ "de los DRM hemos puesto en pie la campaña Defective by Design."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Today's commercial ebooks abolish readers' traditional freedoms."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Los libros comerciales electrónicos de hoy en día privan a los lectores de sus libertades "
#~ "tradicionales."
#~ msgid ""
#~ " A "
#~ "\"biology textbook\" web site that you can access only by signing a "
#~ " contract not "
#~ "to lend it to anyone else, which the publisher can revoke at will."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ " El sitio "
#~ "web de un «Manual de Biología» al que se puede acceder únicamente "
#~ "después de haber firmado un contrato que prohíbe prestarlo a otras personas y "
#~ "que el editor puede revocar unilateralmente en cualquier momento."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Electronic Publishing: An article about distribution of "
#~ "books in electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to "
#~ "read a copy."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Electronic Publishing: se trata de un artículo "
#~ "sobre la distribución de libros en formato digital y sobre las cuestiones "
#~ "de copyright que afectan el derecho a leerlos."
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Books inside Computers: Software to control who can read books "
#~ "and documents on a PC."
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Books inside Computers: software para controlar "
#~ "quiénes pueden leer libros y documentos almacenados en un ordenador."
msgid "Author's Notes"
msgstr "Notas del autor"
# | This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in the
# | future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a repressive
# | society shaped by the [-enemies-] {+unjust forces+} that use
# | “pirate” as propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that
# | society. I have tried to project it [-from today so as to sound even-]
# | {+forwards into something+} more {+visibly+} oppressive. See “Piracy”.
#. type: Content of:
msgid "Bad News"
msgstr "Malas noticias"
# | The battle for the right to read is already in progress, The enemy is
# | organized, while we are not, so it is going against us. [-Here are
# | articles about bad things that have happened since the original
# | publication of this article.-]
#. type: Content of:
msgid "References"
msgstr "Referencias"
#. type: Content of:
msgid "Other Texts to Read"
msgstr "Otros textos para leer"
#. type: Content of:
Para avisar de enlaces rotos y "
"proponer otras correcciones o sugerencias, diríjase a <address@hidden>."
#
#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
#. replace it with the translation of these two:
#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
#. to
#. <address@hidden>.
Por favor envíe sus comentarios y sugerencias sobre las "
"traducciones a <web-"
"address@hidden>.
[1] Luna, también en inglés original.[2] El nombre del producto es "
"“Kindle”, que suena parecido a Swindle, timo o estafa en castellano. "
"Traducción: Carlos Rega, 1999.. Revisiones: Jorge A.Colazo, "
"Miguel Abad Pérez, puigpe, Alejandro Luis Bonavita, André Silva, Daniel "
"Riaño."
# type: Content of: