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[Emacs-diffs] Changes to TUTORIAL
|
From: |
Glenn Morris |
|
Subject: |
[Emacs-diffs] Changes to TUTORIAL |
|
Date: |
Wed, 22 Aug 2007 07:36:01 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /sources/emacs
Module name: emacs
Changes by: Glenn Morris <gm> 07/08/22 07:36:01
Index: TUTORIAL
===================================================================
RCS file: TUTORIAL
diff -N TUTORIAL
--- TUTORIAL 26 Jul 2007 05:26:04 -0000 1.69
+++ /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
@@ -1,1131 +0,0 @@
-Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
-
-Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
-CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
-write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
-
- C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
- Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
- M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
- If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
- ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
-
-Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
-The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
-try using a command. For instance:
-<<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
-[Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
->> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
- (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
- From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
- reading the screen.
-
-Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
-to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
-the text.
-
-The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
-to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
-with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
-and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
-
->> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
-
-
-* SUMMARY
----------
-
-The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
-
- C-v Move forward one screenful
- M-v Move backward one screenful
- C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
- moving the text around the cursor
- to the center of the screen.
- (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
-
->> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
- Then type C-l.
- Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
- is near the cursor now.
-
-You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
-your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
-C-v and M-v.
-
-
-* BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
-----------------------
-
-Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
-move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
-
-There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys,
-but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
-and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
-are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
-
- Previous line, C-p
- :
- :
- Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
- :
- :
- Next line, C-n
-
->> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
- using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
- centered in the screen.
-
-You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
-P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You
-will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
-
->> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
-
->> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
- See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
-
-Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
-separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
-to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
-one).
-
->> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
- the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
- across the Newline character.
-
-C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
-
->> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
- Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
- Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
-
-When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
-the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
-enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
-without moving it off the screen.
-
->> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
- see what happens.
-
-If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
-(META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
-
->> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
-
-When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
-When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
-following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
-
->> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
- so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
- places inside and between words.
-
-Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
-M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
-operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
-paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
-independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
-
-This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
-the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
-or end of a sentence.
-
->> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
- Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
-
-See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
-more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
-natural.
-
-The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
-paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
-the text.
-
-Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
-word and sentence moving commands:
-
- C-f Move forward a character
- C-b Move backward a character
-
- M-f Move forward a word
- M-b Move backward a word
-
- C-n Move to next line
- C-p Move to previous line
-
- C-a Move to beginning of line
- C-e Move to end of line
-
- M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
- M-e Move forward to end of sentence
-
->> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
- These are the most often used commands.
-
-Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
-which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
-Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
-
-On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
-shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
-to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
-
->> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
- Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
-
->> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
- Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
-
-You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
-arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
-reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
-you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
-characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
-have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
-you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
-easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
-
-Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
-serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
-is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
-you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
-to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
-META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
-any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
-because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
-
-For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
-
->> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
- to a line near this one with just one command.
-
-Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
-commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
-those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
-prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
-something different.
-
-C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
-they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
-screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
-
->> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
-
-This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
-to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
-
-If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
-should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the
-side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the
-mouse in the scroll bar.
-
->> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
- within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
- determined by how high or low you click.
-
->> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
- pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
- you move the mouse.
-
-
-* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
---------------------
-
-If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
-typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
-long to execute.
-
-You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
-a command that you do not want to finish.
-
->> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
- Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
- because you canceled the argument with C-g.
-
-If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
-with a C-g.
-
-
-* DISABLED COMMANDS
--------------------
-
-Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
-them by accident.
-
-If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
-saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
-ahead and execute the command.
-
-If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in
-answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the
-disabled command, answer the question with "n".
-
->> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
- then type n to answer the question.
-
-
-* WINDOWS
----------
-
-Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
-explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
-explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
-one-window editing. It is simple:
-
- C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
-
-That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
-which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
-other windows.
-
->> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
->> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
- See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
- to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
-
->> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
-
-This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
-consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
-There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
-them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
-These commands are two, three or four characters long.
-
-
-* INSERTING AND DELETING
-------------------------
-
-If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
-can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
-immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
-Newline character.
-
-You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
-<Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
-outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is
-normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
-it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
-
-If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
-use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
-somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
-
-More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
-current cursor position.
-
->> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
- by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file
- being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
- your personal copy of it.
-
-When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
-of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
-(or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
-right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
-
->> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
- You'll see a continuation line appear.
-
->> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
- line again. The continuation line goes away.
-
-You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
-Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
-one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
-screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
-
->> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This
- merges that line with the previous line.
-
->> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
-
-Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
-this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
-it several times.
-
->> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
-
-You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
-Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
-as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
-
- <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor
- C-d Delete the next character after the cursor
-
- M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor
- M-d Kill the next word after the cursor
-
- C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line
- M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence
-
-Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
-started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
-character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
-and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
-
-You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move
-to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC>
-is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.
-That kills all the text between the two positions.
-
->> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
->> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
- at the bottom of the screen.
->> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
- paragraph.
->> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
- and ending just before the n.
-
-The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
-can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
-Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
-commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
-that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
-character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
-cannot yank that text). <Delback> and C-d do deletion in the simplest
-case, with no argument. When given an argument, they kill instead.
-
->> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
- Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
->> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
- which follows that line.
-
-Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
-C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
-treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
-their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
-lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
-
-Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
-yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
-can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
-or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a
-different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes
-multiple copies of it.
-
-The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
-at the current cursor position.
-
->> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
-
-If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
-together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
-
->> Do this now, type C-k several times.
-
-Now to retrieve that killed text:
-
->> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
- again. You now see how to copy some text.
-
-What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
-you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
-the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
-command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
-M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
-again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
-reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
-keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
-it is.
-
-If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
-recent kill).
-
->> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
- Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
- Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
- Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
- the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
- If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
- arguments.
-
-
-* UNDO
-------
-
-If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
-mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
-
-Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
-the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
-additional command.
-
-But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
-not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
-command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
-of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
-type to undo insertion of text.)
-
->> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
-
-C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
-but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
-C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
-is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
-by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
-
-A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
-
-You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
-The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
-whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
-
-
-* FILES
--------
-
-In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
-file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
-away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
-before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
-
-Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
-Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
-However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
-until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
-half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
-you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
-you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
-
-If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
-begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
-something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
-of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
-called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
-tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
-appear in that precise spot.
-
-One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
-have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
-argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
-the file). After you type the command
-
- C-x C-f Find a file
-
-Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
-on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
-minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
-ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
-
-While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
-you can cancel the command with C-g.
-
->> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
- and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
- minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
-
-When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
-terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
-you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
-finished.
-
-In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
-edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
-type the command
-
- C-x C-s Save the file
-
-This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
-do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
-not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
-original file's name.
-
-When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
-You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
-work if the system should crash.
-
->> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
- This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
-
-NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
-will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
-operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
-C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
-type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
-Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
-
-You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
-find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
-file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
-begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
-file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
-inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
-already existing file.
-
-
-* BUFFERS
----------
-
-If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
-inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
-C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
-
->> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
- Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
- Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
- to come back to the tutorial.
-
-Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
-Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
-buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
-
- C-x C-b List buffers
-
->> Try C-x C-b now.
-
-See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
-the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
-is always part of some buffer.
-
->> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
-
-When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
-time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another
-buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer
-that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
-with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
-In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
-
->> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
- the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
- to come back to this tutorial.
-
-Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
-(without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
-The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
-every buffer.
-
-ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
-Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer
-named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which
-contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
-"*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
-messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
-session.
-
->> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
- Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
-
-If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
-this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
-in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
-buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
-but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
-file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
-it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
-
- C-x s Save some buffers
-
-C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
-not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
-buffer.
-
->> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
- It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
- Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
-
-
-* EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
----------------------------
-
-There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
-on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
-the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
-
- C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
- M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
-
-These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
-commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few
-of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for
-example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs
-session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing
-changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
-it kills the Emacs.)
-
-If you are using a graphical display that supports multiple
-applications in parallel, you don't need any special command to move
-from Emacs to another application. You can do this with the mouse or
-with window manager commands. However, if you're using a text
-terminal which can only show one application at a time, you need to
-"suspend" Emacs to move to any other program.
-
-C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
-back to the same Emacs session afterward. When Emacs is running on a
-text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell
-but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common shells, you can
-resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
-
-The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
-the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
-programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
-how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
-though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
-with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
-
-There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
-
- C-x C-f Find file
- C-x C-s Save file
- C-x s Save some buffers
- C-x C-b List buffers
- C-x b Switch buffer
- C-x C-c Quit Emacs
- C-x 1 Delete all but one window
- C-x u Undo
-
-Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
-frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
-example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
-string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
-bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
-command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
-Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
-above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
-End the command name with <Return>.
-
-The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
-replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
-argument with <Return>.
-
->> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
- Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
-
- Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
- the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
- after the initial position of the cursor.
-
-
-* AUTO SAVE
------------
-
-When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
-they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
-this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
-you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
-the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
-file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
-Emacs deletes its auto save file.
-
-If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
-finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
-save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
-confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
-data.
-
-
-* ECHO AREA
------------
-
-If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
-shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
-"echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
-
-
-* MODE LINE
------------
-
-The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
-The mode line says something like this:
-
---:** TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)-----------------------
-
-This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
-the text you are editing.
-
-You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
-found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that
-NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of
-the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the
-bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are
-looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode
-line says "All".
-
-The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
-current line number of point.
-
-The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
-Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
-no stars, just dashes.
-
-The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
-editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
-what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
-
-Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
-editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
-Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
-and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
-"Fundamental" is now.
-
-Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
-there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
-programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
-look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
-major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
-switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
-switch to Fundamental mode.
-
-If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
-should probably use Text Mode.
-
->> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
-
-Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
-any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
-apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
-M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
-
-Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
-do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
-differently.
-
-To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
-
->> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
->> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
->> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
-
-Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
-Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
-modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
-itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
-major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
-combination of several minor modes.
-
-One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
-human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs
-breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
-text and make a line that is too wide.
-
-You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
-When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
-auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
-and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
-command "toggles the mode".
-
->> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
- over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
- spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
-
-The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
-with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
-as a numeric argument.
-
->> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
- Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
- characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
- C-x f again.
-
-If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
-does not re-fill it for you.
-To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
-that paragraph.
-
->> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
-
-
-* SEARCHING
------------
-
-Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
-characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
-through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
-it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
-
-The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
-of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
-search happens while you type in the string to search for.
-
-The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
-for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
-
-When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
-a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
-called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
-you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
-
->> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
- type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
- character to notice what happens to the cursor.
- Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
->> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
->> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
->> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
-
-Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
-go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
-go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
-occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
-"failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
-
-NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
-see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
-system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
-letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
-Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
-Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
-
-If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
-you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
-and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
-instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
-occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
-to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases
-the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
-the first occurrence of "c".
-
-If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
-character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
-a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
-
-The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
-string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
-something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
-have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
-the search is reversed.
-
-
-* MULTIPLE WINDOWS
-------------------
-
-One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
-window on the screen at the same time.
-
->> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
- CONTROL-1).
-
->> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
- Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
-
->> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
- (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
-
->> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
->> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
- Keep reading these directions in the top window.
-
->> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
- The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
-
-You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
-window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
-shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
-window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
-
-The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
-window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
-the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
-through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
-
-C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
-META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
-typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
-because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
-
-If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the
-order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
-CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character
-in its own right, not a modifier key.
-
->> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
-
-(If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
-of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
-window--the window I am already in.")
-
-You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
-use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
-change. You can find a file in each window independently.
-
-Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
-things:
-
->> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
- End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
- window. The cursor goes there, too.
-
->> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
- the bottom window.
-
-
-* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
---------------------------
-
-Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
-level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
-surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
-example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
-
-To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>.
-That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for
-eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
-
->> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to
- get out.
-
-You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
-because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
-recursive editing level.
-
-
-* GETTING MORE HELP
--------------------
-
-In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
-get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
-it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
-to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
-Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
-commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
-CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
-
-To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
-character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
-type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
-If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
-type C-g to cancel it.
-
-(Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
-should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
-grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
-does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
-typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
-
-The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
-a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
-description of the command.
-
->> Type C-h c C-p.
-
-The message should be something like this:
-
- C-p runs the command previous-line
-
-This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
-mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
-are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
-very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
-have already learned.
-
-Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
-EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
-
-To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
-
->> Type C-h k C-p.
-
-This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
-name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
-output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
-to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
-to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
-
-Here are some other useful C-h options:
-
- C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
- function.
-
->> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
- This displays all the information Emacs has about the
- function which implements the C-p command.
-
-A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
-values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in
-the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
-
- C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
- all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
- These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
- For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
- or two character sequence which runs the same command.
-
->> Type C-h a file<Return>.
-
-This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
-in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
-beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
-
->> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
-
->> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
-
- C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
- you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
- can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
- your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
- manual. If you have never before used Info, type ?
- and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
- facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial,
- you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
- primary documentation.
-
-
-* MORE FEATURES
----------------
-
-You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
-or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features
-that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
-dired, which simplifies file handling.
-
-Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you
-want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
-and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
-determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described
-in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".
-
-Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
-subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
-otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the
-Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".
-
-The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
-
-
-* CONCLUSION
-------------
-
-Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
-temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
-
-This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
-you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
-
-
-* COPYING
----------
-
-This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
-starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
-
-This version of the tutorial is a part of GNU Emacs. It is copyrighted
-and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
-
- Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
- 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
- This file is part of GNU Emacs.
-
- GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
- it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
- the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
- any later version.
-
- GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
- GNU General Public License for more details.
-
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the
- Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
- Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
-
-Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of GNU Emacs to
-your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by
-using, writing, and sharing free software!
-
-;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55
- [Emacs-diffs] Changes to TUTORIAL,
Glenn Morris <=