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[Emacs-diffs] Changes to TUTORIAL
|
From: |
Glenn Morris |
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Subject: |
[Emacs-diffs] Changes to TUTORIAL |
|
Date: |
Wed, 22 Aug 2007 07:39:36 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /sources/emacs
Module name: emacs
Changes by: Glenn Morris <gm> 07/08/22 07:39:36
Index: TUTORIAL
===================================================================
RCS file: TUTORIAL
diff -N TUTORIAL
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ TUTORIAL 22 Aug 2007 07:39:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1131 @@
+Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
+
+Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
+CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
+write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
+
+ C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
+ Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
+ M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
+ If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
+ ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
+
+Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
+The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
+try using a command. For instance:
+<<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
+[Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
+>> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
+ (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
+ From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
+ reading the screen.
+
+Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
+to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
+the text.
+
+The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
+to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
+with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
+and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
+
+>> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
+
+
+* SUMMARY
+---------
+
+The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
+
+ C-v Move forward one screenful
+ M-v Move backward one screenful
+ C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
+ moving the text around the cursor
+ to the center of the screen.
+ (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
+
+>> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
+ Then type C-l.
+ Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
+ is near the cursor now.
+
+You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
+your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
+C-v and M-v.
+
+
+* BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
+----------------------
+
+Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
+move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
+
+There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys,
+but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
+and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
+are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
+
+ Previous line, C-p
+ :
+ :
+ Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
+ :
+ :
+ Next line, C-n
+
+>> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
+ using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
+ centered in the screen.
+
+You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
+P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You
+will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
+
+>> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
+
+>> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
+ See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
+
+Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
+separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
+to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
+one).
+
+>> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
+ the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
+ across the Newline character.
+
+C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
+
+>> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
+ Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
+ Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
+
+When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
+the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
+enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
+without moving it off the screen.
+
+>> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
+ see what happens.
+
+If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
+(META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
+
+>> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
+
+When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
+When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
+following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
+
+>> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
+ so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
+ places inside and between words.
+
+Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
+M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
+operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
+paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
+independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
+
+This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
+the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
+or end of a sentence.
+
+>> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
+ Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
+
+See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
+more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
+natural.
+
+The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
+paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
+the text.
+
+Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
+word and sentence moving commands:
+
+ C-f Move forward a character
+ C-b Move backward a character
+
+ M-f Move forward a word
+ M-b Move backward a word
+
+ C-n Move to next line
+ C-p Move to previous line
+
+ C-a Move to beginning of line
+ C-e Move to end of line
+
+ M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
+ M-e Move forward to end of sentence
+
+>> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
+ These are the most often used commands.
+
+Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
+which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
+Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
+
+On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
+shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
+to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
+
+>> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
+ Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
+
+>> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
+ Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
+
+You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
+arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
+reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
+you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
+characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
+have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
+you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
+easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
+
+Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
+serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
+is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
+you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
+to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
+META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
+any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
+because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
+
+For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
+
+>> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
+ to a line near this one with just one command.
+
+Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
+commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
+those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
+prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
+something different.
+
+C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
+they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
+screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
+
+>> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
+
+This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
+to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
+
+If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
+should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the
+side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the
+mouse in the scroll bar.
+
+>> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
+ within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
+ determined by how high or low you click.
+
+>> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
+ pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
+ you move the mouse.
+
+
+* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
+--------------------
+
+If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
+typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
+long to execute.
+
+You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
+a command that you do not want to finish.
+
+>> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
+ Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
+ because you canceled the argument with C-g.
+
+If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
+with a C-g.
+
+
+* DISABLED COMMANDS
+-------------------
+
+Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
+them by accident.
+
+If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
+saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
+ahead and execute the command.
+
+If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in
+answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the
+disabled command, answer the question with "n".
+
+>> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
+ then type n to answer the question.
+
+
+* WINDOWS
+---------
+
+Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
+explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
+explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
+one-window editing. It is simple:
+
+ C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
+
+That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
+which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
+other windows.
+
+>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
+>> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
+ See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
+ to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
+
+This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
+consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
+There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
+them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
+These commands are two, three or four characters long.
+
+
+* INSERTING AND DELETING
+------------------------
+
+If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
+can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
+immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
+Newline character.
+
+You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
+<Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
+outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is
+normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
+it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
+
+If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
+use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
+somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
+
+More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
+current cursor position.
+
+>> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
+ by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file
+ being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
+ your personal copy of it.
+
+When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
+of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
+(or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
+right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
+
+>> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
+ You'll see a continuation line appear.
+
+>> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
+ line again. The continuation line goes away.
+
+You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
+Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
+one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
+screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
+
+>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This
+ merges that line with the previous line.
+
+>> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
+
+Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
+this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
+it several times.
+
+>> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
+
+You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
+Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
+as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
+
+ <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor
+ C-d Delete the next character after the cursor
+
+ M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor
+ M-d Kill the next word after the cursor
+
+ C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line
+ M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence
+
+Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
+started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
+character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
+and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
+
+You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move
+to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC>
+is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.
+That kills all the text between the two positions.
+
+>> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
+>> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
+ at the bottom of the screen.
+>> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
+ paragraph.
+>> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
+ and ending just before the n.
+
+The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
+can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
+Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
+commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
+that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
+character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
+cannot yank that text). <Delback> and C-d do deletion in the simplest
+case, with no argument. When given an argument, they kill instead.
+
+>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
+ Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
+>> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
+ which follows that line.
+
+Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
+C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
+treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
+their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
+lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
+
+Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
+yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
+can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
+or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a
+different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes
+multiple copies of it.
+
+The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
+at the current cursor position.
+
+>> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
+
+If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
+together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
+
+>> Do this now, type C-k several times.
+
+Now to retrieve that killed text:
+
+>> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
+ again. You now see how to copy some text.
+
+What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
+you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
+the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
+command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
+M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
+again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
+reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
+keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
+it is.
+
+If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
+recent kill).
+
+>> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
+ Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
+ Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
+ Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
+ the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
+ If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
+ arguments.
+
+
+* UNDO
+------
+
+If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
+mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
+
+Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
+the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
+additional command.
+
+But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
+not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
+command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
+of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
+type to undo insertion of text.)
+
+>> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
+
+C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
+but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
+C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
+is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
+by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
+
+A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
+
+You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
+The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
+whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
+
+
+* FILES
+-------
+
+In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
+file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
+away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
+before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
+
+Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
+Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
+However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
+until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
+half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
+you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
+you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
+
+If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
+begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
+something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
+of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
+called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
+tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
+appear in that precise spot.
+
+One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
+have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
+argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
+the file). After you type the command
+
+ C-x C-f Find a file
+
+Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
+on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
+minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
+ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
+
+While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
+you can cancel the command with C-g.
+
+>> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
+ and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
+ minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
+
+When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
+terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
+you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
+finished.
+
+In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
+edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
+type the command
+
+ C-x C-s Save the file
+
+This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
+do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
+not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
+original file's name.
+
+When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
+You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
+work if the system should crash.
+
+>> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
+ This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
+
+NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
+will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
+operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
+C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
+type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
+Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
+
+You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
+find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
+file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
+begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
+file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
+inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
+already existing file.
+
+
+* BUFFERS
+---------
+
+If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
+inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
+C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
+
+>> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
+ Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
+ Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
+ to come back to the tutorial.
+
+Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
+Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
+buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
+
+ C-x C-b List buffers
+
+>> Try C-x C-b now.
+
+See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
+the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
+is always part of some buffer.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
+
+When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
+time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another
+buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer
+that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
+with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
+In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
+
+>> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
+ the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
+ to come back to this tutorial.
+
+Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
+(without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
+The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
+every buffer.
+
+ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
+Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer
+named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which
+contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
+"*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
+messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
+session.
+
+>> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
+ Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
+
+If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
+this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
+in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
+buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
+but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
+file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
+it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
+
+ C-x s Save some buffers
+
+C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
+not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
+buffer.
+
+>> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
+ It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
+ Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
+
+
+* EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
+---------------------------
+
+There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
+on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
+the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
+
+ C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
+ M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
+
+These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
+commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few
+of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for
+example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs
+session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing
+changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
+it kills the Emacs.)
+
+If you are using a graphical display that supports multiple
+applications in parallel, you don't need any special command to move
+from Emacs to another application. You can do this with the mouse or
+with window manager commands. However, if you're using a text
+terminal which can only show one application at a time, you need to
+"suspend" Emacs to move to any other program.
+
+C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
+back to the same Emacs session afterward. When Emacs is running on a
+text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell
+but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common shells, you can
+resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
+
+The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
+the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
+programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
+how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
+though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
+with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
+
+There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
+
+ C-x C-f Find file
+ C-x C-s Save file
+ C-x s Save some buffers
+ C-x C-b List buffers
+ C-x b Switch buffer
+ C-x C-c Quit Emacs
+ C-x 1 Delete all but one window
+ C-x u Undo
+
+Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
+frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
+example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
+string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
+bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
+command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
+Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
+above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
+End the command name with <Return>.
+
+The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
+replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
+argument with <Return>.
+
+>> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
+ Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
+
+ Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
+ the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
+ after the initial position of the cursor.
+
+
+* AUTO SAVE
+-----------
+
+When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
+they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
+this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
+you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
+the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
+file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
+Emacs deletes its auto save file.
+
+If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
+finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
+save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
+confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
+data.
+
+
+* ECHO AREA
+-----------
+
+If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
+shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
+"echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
+
+
+* MODE LINE
+-----------
+
+The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
+The mode line says something like this:
+
+--:** TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)-----------------------
+
+This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
+the text you are editing.
+
+You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
+found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that
+NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of
+the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the
+bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are
+looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode
+line says "All".
+
+The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
+current line number of point.
+
+The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
+Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
+no stars, just dashes.
+
+The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
+editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
+what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
+
+Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
+editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
+Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
+and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
+"Fundamental" is now.
+
+Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
+there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
+programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
+look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
+major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
+switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
+switch to Fundamental mode.
+
+If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
+should probably use Text Mode.
+
+>> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
+
+Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
+any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
+apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
+M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
+
+Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
+do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
+differently.
+
+To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
+
+>> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
+>> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
+>> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
+
+Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
+Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
+modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
+itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
+major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
+combination of several minor modes.
+
+One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
+human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs
+breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
+text and make a line that is too wide.
+
+You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
+When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
+auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
+and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
+command "toggles the mode".
+
+>> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
+ over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
+ spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
+
+The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
+with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
+as a numeric argument.
+
+>> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
+ Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
+ characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
+ C-x f again.
+
+If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
+does not re-fill it for you.
+To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
+that paragraph.
+
+>> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
+
+
+* SEARCHING
+-----------
+
+Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
+characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
+through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
+it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
+
+The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
+of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
+search happens while you type in the string to search for.
+
+The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
+for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
+
+When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
+a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
+called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
+you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
+
+>> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
+ type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
+ character to notice what happens to the cursor.
+ Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
+>> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
+>> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
+>> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
+
+Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
+go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
+go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
+occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
+"failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
+
+NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
+see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
+system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
+letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
+Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
+Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
+
+If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
+you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
+and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
+instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
+occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
+to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases
+the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
+the first occurrence of "c".
+
+If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
+character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
+a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
+
+The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
+string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
+something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
+have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
+the search is reversed.
+
+
+* MULTIPLE WINDOWS
+------------------
+
+One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
+window on the screen at the same time.
+
+>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
+ CONTROL-1).
+
+>> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
+ Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
+
+>> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
+ (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
+
+>> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
+>> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
+ Keep reading these directions in the top window.
+
+>> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
+ The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
+
+You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
+window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
+shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
+window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
+
+The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
+window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
+the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
+through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
+
+C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
+META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
+typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
+because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
+
+If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the
+order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
+CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character
+in its own right, not a modifier key.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
+
+(If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
+of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
+window--the window I am already in.")
+
+You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
+use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
+change. You can find a file in each window independently.
+
+Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
+things:
+
+>> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
+ End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
+ window. The cursor goes there, too.
+
+>> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
+ the bottom window.
+
+
+* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
+--------------------------
+
+Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
+level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
+surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
+example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
+
+To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>.
+That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for
+eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
+
+>> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to
+ get out.
+
+You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
+because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
+recursive editing level.
+
+
+* GETTING MORE HELP
+-------------------
+
+In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
+get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
+it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
+to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
+Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
+commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
+CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
+
+To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
+character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
+type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
+If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
+type C-g to cancel it.
+
+(Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
+should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
+grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
+does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
+typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
+
+The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
+a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
+description of the command.
+
+>> Type C-h c C-p.
+
+The message should be something like this:
+
+ C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
+mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
+are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
+very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
+have already learned.
+
+Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
+EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
+
+To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
+
+>> Type C-h k C-p.
+
+This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
+name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
+output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
+to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
+to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
+
+Here are some other useful C-h options:
+
+ C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
+ function.
+
+>> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
+ This displays all the information Emacs has about the
+ function which implements the C-p command.
+
+A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
+values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in
+the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
+
+ C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
+ all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
+ These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
+ For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
+ or two character sequence which runs the same command.
+
+>> Type C-h a file<Return>.
+
+This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
+in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
+beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
+
+>> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
+
+ C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
+ you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
+ can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
+ your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
+ manual. If you have never before used Info, type ?
+ and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
+ facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial,
+ you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
+ primary documentation.
+
+
+* MORE FEATURES
+---------------
+
+You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
+or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features
+that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
+dired, which simplifies file handling.
+
+Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you
+want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
+and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
+determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described
+in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".
+
+Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
+subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
+otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the
+Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".
+
+The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
+
+
+* CONCLUSION
+------------
+
+Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
+temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
+
+This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
+you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
+
+
+* COPYING
+---------
+
+This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
+starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
+
+This version of the tutorial is a part of GNU Emacs. It is copyrighted
+and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
+
+ Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+ 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+ This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+ GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
+ any later version.
+
+ GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+ You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the
+ Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
+ Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
+
+Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of GNU Emacs to
+your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by
+using, writing, and sharing free software!
+
+;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55